The Impact of Virtual Reality Glasses on Maternal Satisfaction and Postpartum Comfort in Cesarean Sections Performed Under Spinal Anesthesia

November 22, 2025 updated by: Büşra Küçüktürkmen
Due to the stressful nature of cesarean birth, it is important that the use of virtual reality (VR) glasses is both feasible and effective. While wearing VR glasses, the distraction effect can reduce women's focus on pain and the surgical procedure itself. Furthermore, VR applications have been shown to increase women's satisfaction with the birth experience. This study will be conducted as a randomized controlled trial. A total of 96 participants will be included, with 48 assigned to the intervention group and 48 to the control group. The intervention group will consist of women undergoing repeat cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. During the procedure, participants in the intervention group will watch nature videos with sound through VR glasses. The VR application will be paused when the baby is born to allow for initial neonatal care and skin-to-skin contact. After skin-to-skin contact has been established, the VR application will resume and continue until the completion of the suturing process. Subsequently, once the women are transferred to the ward, the "Personal Information Form," the "Postpartum Comfort Scale," and the "Cesarean Birth Satisfaction Scale for Women Under Spinal Anesthesia," developed by the researcher, will be administered at an appropriate time. This study is expected to support healthcare professionals in integrating VR technology into childbirth practices by providing insights into women's experiences with this intervention. In this way, the study aims to reduce negative emotions experienced during cesarean birth, support the postpartum recovery process, and enhance overall patient satisfaction. Moreover, the findings will contribute to improving the feasibility of digital innovations in healthcare, enhancing the quality of birth experiences, and strengthening the approach to patient-centered care.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Estimated)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
96

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Women aged 18-45 years

Undergoing elective repeat cesarean section under spinal anesthesia

Able to communicate in Turkish and provide informed consent

Singleton pregnancy

Exclusion Criteria:

Presence of obstetric or medical complications requiring general anesthesia

Emergency cesarean sections

Psychiatric or neurological disorders that may interfere with VR use

Contraindications to spinal anesthesia

Visual or hearing impairments preventing effective use of VR glasses

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: (Intervention Group): Virtual Reality Glasses
Participants in this group will undergo cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and, during the procedure, will watch immersive nature videos with sound through virtual reality (VR) glasses. The VR application will be paused at the time of birth to allow for initial newborn care and skin-to-skin contact, and then resumed until the completion of suturing. In addition to the VR application, all participants will also receive standard perioperative care that is routinely provided to patients undergoing cesarean delivery.
Device: (Intervention Group): Virtual Reality Glasses
Participants in this group will undergo cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and, during the procedure, will watch immersive nature videos with sound through virtual reality (VR) glasses. The VR application will be paused at the time of birth to allow for initial newborn care and skin-to-skin contact, and then resumed until the completion of suturing. Standard perioperative care will also be provided.
Other: Control Group
Participants in this group will undergo cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and will receive routine perioperative care only, without the use of virtual reality.
Other: Control Group
Participants in this group will undergo cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and will receive routine perioperative care only, without the use of virtual reality.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Cesarean Birth Satisfaction
Time Frame: Within 48 hours after cesarean delivery
Women's satisfaction with their cesarean delivery experience will be assessed using the researcher-developed "Cesarean Delivery Satisfaction Scale for Women Under Spinal Anesthesia." It will be measured using a researcher-developed 11-item, 5-point Likert-type scale (scores range from 11 to 55), with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction.
Within 48 hours after cesarean delivery

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Postpartum Comfort
Time Frame: Within 48 hours after cesarean delivery
Women's postpartum comfort will be measured using the "Postpartum Comfort Scale." It uses a 5-point Likert-type scoring system. The lowest possible score is 34, and the highest is 170. Higher scores indicate greater comfort.
Within 48 hours after cesarean delivery

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Büşra Küçüktürkmen

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 15, 2025

Primary Completion (Estimated)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
November 30, 2025

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
January 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 7, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 22, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 25, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
November 25, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 22, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
November 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • E-10333602-050.04-280407

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

Clinical Trials on Caesarean Section

Clinical Trials on (Intervention Group): Virtual Reality Glasses

Search Similar Trials

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

Conditions

Rare Diseases

Drug Interventions

Dietary Supplements

Sponsor/Collaborators

Locations

Cookie Settings

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. For more details carefully read our Privacy and Cookies Policy. ...>>>You can change your preferences or withdraw your consent at any time by deleting the cookies from your website or computer as described in the policy. Please accept it and choose your preferences by ticking the corresponding boxes in the "Manage Settings" section below. Please carefully read our Terms of Service before you proceed with using any part of this website.
«Manage Settings