High-intensity Interval Exercise Compared With Continuous Moderate Exercise on Glycemia in Postabsorptive vs. Postprandial State in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes (Interdiab 1)

January 15, 2026 updated by: Herve DEVANNE, PhD, Universite du Littoral Cote d'Opale

The Protective Role of High-intensity Interval Exercise Compared With Continuous Moderate Exercise on Glycemia Decrease is More Relevant in Postabsorptive vs. Postprandial State in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

This randomized crossover trial examined whether exercise modality (high-intensity interval exercise vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise) and timing relative to meals (postprandial vs. postabsorptive) influence glycemic responses in physically active adults with type 1 diabetes. Participants completed four cycling sessions matched for total mechanical load, and glucose levels were monitored during exercise and for 24 hours afterward while accounting for dietary intake and insulin administration. The study hypothesized that glycemic responses differ according to both exercise type and prandial state.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Participants were tested at the laboratory during one inclusion visit followed by 4 intervention visits separated by at least 48 hours and 4 weeks maximum. During the inclusion visit, participants completed the YMCA submaximal cycle-ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.) test to estimate maximal aerobic power (MAP), which was then used to determine subsequent exercise workloads. The test started at 25 W (50 rpm), with increasing power outputs derived from the first-stage heart-rate response. The 3-min stages continued until steady-state heart rate achieved 85% of maximal heart rate minus 10 bpm, with a 1-min extension if heart rate varied by >5 beats·min-¹ between minutes 2 and 3. Participants completed questionnaires about physical activity levels, barriers to physical activity, quality-of-life and hypoglycemia awareness. The next four experimental visits in randomized order consisted of the two aerobic exercises (i.e. high-intensity interval exercise, HIIE and moderate-intensity continuous exercise, CONT), each performed under two different prandial conditions, postprandial (PP) and postabsorptive (PA) state. A triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph, wGT3X-BT, 30 Hz, epoch set at 60 sec) was worn on the hip from wake-up until bedtime for the day before, during and after each experimental visit. Participants were also asked to record the time, type and amount of food consumed, with the option of photographing meals, as well as in case of multiple daily injection doses/timing of insulin (rapid- and long-acting), the 24 hours before, during and after each visit. Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.) and were matched for total mechanical load and total duration. Both exercises began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of MAP and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The HIIE protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. The CONT protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin, (i.e., in the early afternoon). For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch, (i.e., in the late afternoon). Participants were instructed to follow their habitual pre-exercise routine and to replicate, as closely as possible, the same lunch and dinner on the days of the experimental visits. The measurements included: oxygen uptake, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, muscle vasoreactivity during exercise; capillary glycaemia and lactataemia at several time points during exercise; continuous glucose monitoring data from the personal (used in daily life) device of the participants.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
21

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • France
      • Loos, France, 59120
        • Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS - ULR 7369)

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Between 18 and 60 years of age
  • Regular practice of physical activity (at least 2 training sessions/week for at least 3 months)
  • Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for >1 year
  • No change in insulin delivery method (i.e., multiple daily injections [MDI], continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII] in open or closed loop) over the previous 3 months
  • Use of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device in daily life

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diabetes-related complications except for background retinopathy

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: A/B/C/D
A= High-intensity interval exercise in postabsorptive phase B= High-intensity interval exercise in postprandial phase C= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postabsorptive phase D= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postprandial phase
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of MAP and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP). The CONT protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Experimental: B/C/D/A
A= High-intensity interval exercise in postabsorptive phase B= High-intensity interval exercise in postprandial phase C= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postabsorptive phase D= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postprandial phase
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of MAP and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP). The CONT protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Experimental: C/D/A/B
A= High-intensity interval exercise in postabsorptive phase B= High-intensity interval exercise in postprandial phase C= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postabsorptive phase D= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postprandial phase
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of MAP and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP). The CONT protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Experimental: D/A/B/C
A= High-intensity interval exercise in postabsorptive phase B= High-intensity interval exercise in postprandial phase C= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postabsorptive phase D= Moderate-intensity continuous exercise in postprandial phase
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: High-intensity interval exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The high-intensity interval exercise protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 100% of MAP, each interspersed with 1-min of passive recovery. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postprandial phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP) and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of MAP. The moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postprandial state, exercise began 1.5 hours after the start of lunch and the corresponding meal-related bolus/rapid-acting insulin (i.e., in the early afternoon).
Other: Moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed in postabsorptive phase
Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport, Lode B.V.). Exercise began with a 3-min warm-up at 20% of MAP and ended with a 2-min active recovery at 20% of maximum aerobic power (MAP). The CONT protocol consisted of continuous exercise at 50% of MAP for 20 minutes. For the postabsorptive state, exercise began 5 hours after the start of lunch (i.e., in the late afternoon).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Capillary glycemia
Time Frame: At rest before exercise, then at 10 and 20 min of exercise, at 2 min of active recovery post-exercise, and at 10 min of passive recovery post-exercise.
Blood glucose meter
At rest before exercise, then at 10 and 20 min of exercise, at 2 min of active recovery post-exercise, and at 10 min of passive recovery post-exercise.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Interstitial glucose
Time Frame: The 24 hours before and the 24 hours after each visit
Continuous Glucose Monitoring system used by the participant in daily life
The 24 hours before and the 24 hours after each visit
Capillary blood lactate
Time Frame: At rest before exercise, then at 10 and 20 min of exercise, at 2 min of active recovery post-exercise, and at 10 min of passive recovery post-exercise.
Measured using the Lactate Scout device.
At rest before exercise, then at 10 and 20 min of exercise, at 2 min of active recovery post-exercise, and at 10 min of passive recovery post-exercise.
Oxygen consumption
Time Frame: During a 5-min rest before exercise, a 3-min warm-up, 20-min of exercise, a 2-min active recovery post-exercise, and a 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Measured with a mask and a Vynthus CPX, Vyaire Medical
During a 5-min rest before exercise, a 3-min warm-up, 20-min of exercise, a 2-min active recovery post-exercise, and a 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Rate of Perveived Exertion
Time Frame: At rest before the exercise, and then at 5-min, 10-min, 15-min and 20-min of exercise, at 2-min active recovery post-exercise and at 5 and 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Rate of Perveived Exertion from the Borg Scale (6 to 20 scale)
At rest before the exercise, and then at 5-min, 10-min, 15-min and 20-min of exercise, at 2-min active recovery post-exercise and at 5 and 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Variation of muscle blood volume.
Time Frame: During a 5-min rest before exercise, a 3-min warm-up, 20-min of exercise, a 2-min active recovery post-exercise, and a 5-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Measured with Near infrared spectroscopy (Artinis, PortaLite)
During a 5-min rest before exercise, a 3-min warm-up, 20-min of exercise, a 2-min active recovery post-exercise, and a 5-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Heart rate
Time Frame: During a 5-min rest before exercise, a 3-min warm-up, 20-min of exercise, a 2-min active recovery post-exercise, and a 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Measured with Polar V800.
During a 5-min rest before exercise, a 3-min warm-up, 20-min of exercise, a 2-min active recovery post-exercise, and a 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Perceived pleasure
Time Frame: At the end of 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.
Physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) 18 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale.
At the end of 10-min passive recovery post-exercise.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Universite du Littoral Cote d'Opale

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
February 8, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
January 17, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
May 9, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
December 28, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 15, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
January 26, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
January 26, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
January 15, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • IRB00012476-2023-08-02-225

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Plan Description

The investigators will share on http://recherche.data.gouv.fr all anonymized data presented in the publication of the results

IPD Sharing Time Frame

From the acceptance date of publication

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Access on e-mail request to investigators

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

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