Pot-Cast: Thrombosis Prophylaxis During Plaster Cast Lower Leg Immobilisation (Pot-Cast)

Pot-Cast: Thrombosis Prophylaxis During Plaster Cast Lower Leg Immobilisation: Determining the Balance Between Benefits and Risks

Currently, guidelines and clinical practice differ considerably with respect to use of anticoagulant treatment during cast immobilization of the lower leg. Trials that have been carried out were aimed at efficacy only, had small sample sizes and therefore mainly used asymptomatic thrombosis as endpoint. From these trials an overall risk benefit-balance could not be established, hence the current controversy. In the proposed study the investigators will use relevant symptomatic endpoints in a large cohort of patients. Furthermore the investigators will follow subjects with an adverse event for a longer period, during which the investigators will assess the long term sequelae of these events. Lastly, the investigators will determine high risk groups that will benefit most from anticoagulant treatment.

Objective: Comparative effectiveness research to determine cost-effectiveness of two existing policies, i.e. treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) during lower leg plaster cast immobilization following surgical or conservative treatment. In addition the investigators will investigate personalized prophylaxis based on genetic and acquired risk factors.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pulmonary Embolism; Deep Venous Thrombosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: LMWH

Detailed Description

Background:

Currently, guidelines and clinical practice differ considerably with respect to use of anticoagulant treatment during cast immobilization of the lower leg. Trials that have been carried out were aimed at efficacy only, had small sample sizes and therefore mainly used asymptomatic thrombosis as endpoint. From these trials an overall risk benefit-balance could not be established, hence the current controversy exists. In the proposed study we will use relevant symptomatic endpoints in a large cohort of patients. Furthermore we will follow subjects with an adverse event for a longer period, during which we will assess the long term sequelae of these events. Lastly, we will determine high risk groups that will benefit most from anticoagulant treatment.

Objective:

Comparative effectiveness research to determine cost-effectiveness of an existing healthcare policy, i.e. treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) during lower leg plaster cast immobilization following surgical or conservative treatment. In addition we will investigate personalized prophylaxis based on genetic and acquired risk factors.

Study Design:

A randomized controlled trial comparing a policy with the anticoagulant LMWH to a policy with no anticoagulant in patients with lower leg cast immobilization.

Determination of genetic and acquired risk factors will be performed at the start of the study. Based on the presence or absence of these factors we will assign a risk profile to each patient

Study Population:

The study population will consist of 1500 patients in need for a plaster cast of the lower leg, e.g. after trauma or overuse injuries of ankle and foot. These patients will be recruited from 5 hospitals in the Leiden/Den Haag region over a two-year inclusion period. All patients over 18 years will be eligible, except patients with a contra-indication or an absolute indication for LMWH use

Intervention:

LMWH (for example nadroparin 2850 IE s.c. once daily, > 100kg 5700IE sc) for the duration of the immobilization (average 6-8 weeks) vs no treatment.

Each hospital will use a LMWH according to their own preference.

Blood taken at the emergency department will be analyzed on common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to strongly affect thrombotic risk; on levels of coagulation factors in plasma (of which high or low levels are known to increase the risk). Patients will also be screened on acquired risk factors for thrombosis through a questionnaire.

Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness:

We will compare two standard treatment modes that are currently both used depending on the physician's or hospital's preference. The patients in our trial will be subjected to one of these standard treatments. It is therefore not expected that participation will lead to an increased health risk. LMWHs like Nadroparin and Dalteparin are no experimental pharmaceuticals; both have been registered in the Netherlands for these indications since 1989.

Not participating in the trial may, depending on the physician, still lead to treatment with an LMWH.

All patients will need to undergo one venepuncture for blood sampling for the study. This blood sample will be taken at the first day of immobilization. No extra hospital visits are required. Patients will be contacted by an electronic questionnaire 3 weeks and 7 weeks after the start of immobilization and by telephone after three months.

One questionnaire concerning risk factors for thrombosis, bleeding and patients demographics will be filled in at the first day of cast immobilization.

Only subjects with clinically relevant adverse events (and a similar random sample of subjects without a clinically relevant adverse event) will be monitored for a two year period after the event (in total expected to be about 30 subjects). After six months, one year and two years after the event, patients will be seen for clinical examination and quality of life assessment by means of a questionnaire.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 1500
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Netherlands
  • Overijssel
    • Zwolle, Overijssel, Netherlands, 8000 GK
      • De Isala Klinieken
  • Zuid Holland
    • Den Haag, Zuid Holland, Netherlands, 2597 AX
      • Bronovo Ziekenhuis
  • Zuid-Holland
    • Delft, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands, 2625 AD
      • Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis
    • Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands, 2512 VA
      • Medisch Centrum Haaglanden
    • Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands, 2566 MJ
      • HagaZiekenhuis
    • Gouda, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands, 2803 HH
      • Groene Hart Ziekenhuis
    • Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands, 2333 ZA
      • Leiden University Medical Center
    • Leiderdorp, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands, 2353 GA
      • Rijnland Ziekenhuis

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

All patients in need of immobilization of the lower leg with a plaster cast (or equivalent of a cast) for a minimum of one week for the following indications:

• Trauma of the lower leg
• Surgery of the lower leg followed by lower leg immobilization with a plaster cast
• Non-traumatic indications

Exclusion Criteria:

• Contra-indications for LMWH use (recent major bleeding, bleeding disorder, allergy)
• Pregnancy
• Pre-existent indication for anticoagulation therapy, either LMWH or vitamin K antagonists.
• History of venous thromboembolism (indication for anticoagulation therapy for prophylaxis of recurrence)
• Mental of physical disability to fulfill study requirements
• Insufficient knowledge of the Dutch language
• Previous participation in the Pot-(K)Cast study

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: PREVENTION
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: LMWH; 750 patients with lower leg cast immobilization will be randomized tot receive treatment with a LMWH.	Drug: LMWH; Each hospital will use a LMWH according to their own preferences. Prophylactic dosage of LMWH (for example nadroparin 2850 IE s.c.) once daily for the duration of the immobilization (average 6 weeks). If the patient's weight is more than 100kg a double dose of LMWH will be given (in case of Nadroparin 5700 IE s.c. once daily).; Other Names: Nadroparine; Dalteparine
NO_INTERVENTION: No intervention; 750 patients with lower leg cast immobilization will be randomized tot receive no treatment with LMWH.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT)	Symptomatic deep venous thrombosis confirmed with compression ultrasonography	3 Months
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)	Fatal or non-fatal pulmonary embolism confirmed with: an intraluminal filling defect in segmental or more proximal branches on spiral CT scan, or; a perfusion defect of at least 75% of a segment with a local normal ventilation result (high-probability) on ventilation/perfusion lung scan, or; detected at autopsy	3 months
Major Bleeding	Major bleeding, defined as: a fatal bleeding, or; symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ, or; extrasurgical site bleeding causing a fall in hemoglobin level of 1.24mmol/L (2.0g/dL) or more, leading to transfusion of one or more units of whole blood or red cells, or; surgical site bleeding that requires a second intervention or a hemarthrosis interfering with rehabilitation, or surgical site bleeding that needs blood suppletion.	3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Other clinically relevant bleeding	Other clinically relevant bleeding, defined as overt bleeding not meeting the criteria for major bleeding but associated with medical intervention, unscheduled contact with a physician, (temporary) cessation of study treatment, or associated with discomfort such as pain, or impairment of activities of daily life.	3 months
Surgical site infection	Superficial incisional surgical site infection, deep incisional surgical site infection of organ/space surgical site infection according to the definitions of the CDC.	3 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Suzanne C. Cannegieter, MD PhD
• Collaborators: ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• van Adrichem RA, Nemeth B, Algra A, le Cessie S, Rosendaal FR, Schipper IB, Nelissen RGHH, Cannegieter SC; POT-KAST and POT-CAST Group. Thromboprophylaxis after Knee Arthroscopy and Lower-Leg Casting. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 9;376(6):515-525. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613303. Epub 2016 Dec 3.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: March 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): July 1, 2016
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): September 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 27, 2012
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 1, 2012
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): March 2, 2012

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE): October 11, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 10, 2016
• Last Verified: October 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Deep venous thrombosis; Pulmonary Embolism; Lower leg Cast immobilization
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Lung Diseases; Embolism and Thrombosis; Embolism; Thrombosis; Venous Thrombosis; Pulmonary Embolism; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Fibrinolytic Agents; Fibrin Modulating Agents; Anticoagulants; Nadroparin
• Other Study ID Numbers: NL35774.058.11; 171102001 (OTHER_GRANT: ZonMw)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED