Project OOPEN: Opioid Overdose Prevention, Education and Intervention (OOPEN)

December 13, 2021 updated by: Caleb Banta-Green, University of Washington

A Trial to Prevent Opioid Overdose: E.D. Based Intervention & Take-home Naloxone

This prospective, randomized emergency department trial will study the effectiveness of an intervention that combines opioid overdose prevention, education and intervention that includes take home naloxone with brief behavioral change counseling. The study will recruit both heroin users (n=500) and pharmaceutical opioid users at elevated risk for overdose (n=500). Outcomes of interest include subsequent opioid overdoses and overdose risk behaviors.

Primary Aims

The primary aims are to test whether those who receive the intervention compared to standard care have: 1) Lower rates of opioid non-fatal and fatal overdose; 2) Reduce drug use, inappropriate medication use, and other overdose risk behaviors.

Secondary Aims

The secondary aims are to test whether those who receive the intervention compared to standard care have: 3) More appropriate health care utilization (e.g. fewer emergency department visits and admissions to inpatient care); 4) Lower total health care costs; 5) Determine the prevalence of HIV risk behaviors among heroin and pharmaceutical opioid users at risk for overdose and whether the intervention impacts these behaviors.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Fatal overdoses involving pharmaceutical opioids have increased dramatically over the past decade, surpassing those related to heroin, and are the leading cause of drug overdose in much of the U.S. In Seattle-King County, 75% of drug overdoses involved pharmaceutical opioids and/or heroin in 2009. Opioid overdoses, heroin and pharmaceutical, are preventable and reversible. Research indicates that drug users and their partners can be successfully trained to recognize and reverse overdoses with naloxone (an opioid antagonist medicine or "antidote").

Despite active heroin overdose prevention, education and intervention programs with naloxone (OOPEN) in 15 states with thousands of overdose reversals and no serious adverse events, rigorous studies of these programs on rates of subsequent heroin overdoses have not been conducted. No OOPEN programs or studies have yet been implemented for pharmaceutical opioid users at elevated risk for overdose. The Emergency Department (ED) setting holds great promise for identifying and recruiting those at elevated risk of both heroin and pharmaceutical opioid overdose: 1) the ED study site for this proposal provides most services to those needing care for acute opioid related medical problems in Seattle, and 2) patients' need for urgent medical attention may heighten their concern about potential harms from opioids.

Unique to this setting is the potential to identify high risk pharmaceutical opioid users, a population that is difficult to locate and engage. ED interventions using brief behavior change counseling (BBCC) have been shown to significantly improve health behaviors such as alcohol use and injury, to increase entry into drug treatment as well as to reduce costs. Evidence is promising, but limited, regarding the impact of BBCC on opioid related risk behaviors.

This prospective, randomized ED trial will study the effectiveness of an intervention that combines OOPEN with BBCC for both heroin users (n=500) and pharmaceutical opioid users at elevated risk for overdose (n=500). The primary outcome is subsequent opioid overdoses, ascertained by follow up interviews conducted at 3, 6 and 12 months as well as via administrative records for up to 24 months (i.e. medical records, ambulance responses, and death certificates).

Primary Aims

The primary aims are to test whether those who receive the intervention compared to standard care have: 1) Lower rates of opioid non-fatal and fatal overdose; 2) Reduce drug use, inappropriate medication use, and other overdose risk behaviors.

Secondary Aims

The secondary aims are to test whether those who receive the intervention compared to standard care have: 3) More appropriate health care utilization (e.g. fewer emergency department visits and admissions to inpatient care); 4) Lower total health care costs; 5) Determine the prevalence of HIV risk behaviors among heroin and pharmaceutical opioid users at risk for overdose and whether the intervention impacts these behaviors.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

256

Phase

  • Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

    • Washington
      • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98195
        • University of Washington Medical Center
      • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98104
        • Harborview Medical Center
      • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98134
        • Evergreen Treatment Services

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 70 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Meets study definition of elevated risk of future opioid overdose

  • Reason for visit is opioid overdose (regardless of frequency of use), or
  • Use of pharmaceutical opioids not prescribed to the patient 2 or more times in the prior month, or
  • Use of other opioids, alcohol, benzodiazepines or stimulants within two hours of using opioids 2 or more times in the prior month, or
  • Average daily dose of prescribed opioids consumed is greater than10 mg morphine equivalent analgesic dose or higher for 15 or more days in the last 30.
  • Enrolled in opioid substitution program (e.g. methadone or suboxone) and receiving doses.
  • Use of heroin through any route of administration at least 2 times in the last 30 days (or if institutionalized recently, in the most recent month they were not institutionalized) with or without other risks being present.
  • Use of pharmaceutical opioids at least 2 times in the last 30 days (or if institutionalized recently, in the most recent month they were not institutionalized) with other risks being present.
  • Average daily dose of prescribed opioids consumed is 30 mg morphine equivalent analgesic dose or higher without other risks being present.(For adult medicine clinic patients only.)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Unwilling to allow further access to medical or drug treatment records.
  • Inability to communicate in English.
  • Current active suicidal ideation.
  • Significant cognitive or psychiatric impairment (per judgment of clinical staff)
  • Inability to provide adequate contact information to assist with follow-up.
  • Under age 18 or over age 70 at time of recruitment.
  • Not currently living in Washington State or planning to move from Washington State within the following year.
  • Receiving treatment for sexual assault.
  • Have non-expired take-home naloxone at home, on their person, or in their possessions.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Intervention (OOPEN+BBCC)
Study intervention, overdose prevention, education, intervention, brief behavioral change counseling, take-home naloxone, referral to local available resources.
Take-home naloxone is offered as part of a behavioral prevention intervention to reduce the occurrence of future opioid overdose.
No Intervention: Control
Standard of care, referral to local available resources.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Rate of Fatal Opioid Overdose
Time Frame: One year
Rate of fatal opioid overdose
One year
Rate of Non-fatal Opioid Overdose
Time Frame: One year
Rate of non-fatal opioid overdose
One year
Elapsed Time Until Opioid Overdose
Time Frame: Up to1064 days
Elapsed time until opioid overdose
Up to1064 days
Change in Overdose Risk (Change in Opioid Use - Heroin)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether changes in behavior occur that increase or decrease risk of future overdose. Behaviors being measured include the amount of opioids taken, the use of opioids alone, use of opioids with alcohol or other drugs or medications, possessing naloxone, use of opioids in an environment that supports continued opioid use.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Change in Overdose Risk (Change in Opioid Use - Prescription-Type Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether changes in behavior occur that increase or decrease risk of future overdose. Behaviors being measured include the amount of opioids taken, the use of opioids alone, use of opioids with alcohol or other drugs or medications, possessing naloxone, use of opioids in an environment that supports continued opioid use.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Change in Overdose Risk (Using Alone When Taking Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether changes in behavior occur that increase or decrease risk of future overdose. Behaviors being measured include the amount of opioids taken, the use of opioids alone, use of opioids with alcohol or other drugs or medications, possessing naloxone, use of opioids in an environment that supports continued opioid use. (Data table includes means at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Change in Overdose Risk (Use of Sedatives When Taking Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether changes in behavior occur that increase or decrease risk of future overdose. Behaviors being measured include the amount of opioids taken, the use of opioids alone, use of opioids with alcohol or other drugs or medications, possessing naloxone, use of opioids in an environment that supports continued opioid use. (Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Change in Overdose Risk (Use of Alcohol When Taking Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether changes in behavior occur that increase or decrease risk of future overdose. Behaviors being measured include the amount of opioids taken, the use of opioids alone, use of opioids with alcohol or other drugs or medications, possessing naloxone, use of opioids in an environment that supports continued opioid use.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Health Care Utilization (ED and Inpatient Admissions)
Time Frame: One year (annual rate)
Appropriate health care utilization (e.g. fewer emergency department visits and admissions to inpatient care)
One year (annual rate)
Change in HIV Risk Behaviors (Condom Use)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether change occurs in the number of sexual risk behaviors (such as engaging in intercourse without a condom) and/or injection use behaviors (such as sharing syringes) that may increase the risk of contracting HIV.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Change in HIV Risk Behaviors (Shared Syringes)
Time Frame: 3 months
Determine whether change occurs in the number of sexual risk behaviors (such as engaging in intercourse without a condom) and/or injection use behaviors (such as sharing syringes) that may increase the risk of contracting HIV. (Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Change in Overdose Risk Behaviors and Perceptions (Take Home Naloxone)
Time Frame: 3 Months
Change in overdose response including naloxone availability and change in overdose risk perceptions. (Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 Months
Change in Overdose Risk Behaviors and Perceptions (Likelihood of Overdose)
Time Frame: 3 Months
Change in overdose response including naloxone availability and change in overdose risk perceptions. (Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 Months
Change in Overdose Risk Behaviors and Perceptions (Concerned About Overdose)
Time Frame: 3 Months
Change in overdose response including naloxone availability and change in overdose risk perceptions. (Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 Months
Subgroup Analyses - Change in HIV Risk Behaviors (Condom Use)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Subgroup Analyses - Change in HIV Risk Behaviors (Shared Syringes)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Sub-group Analyses - Change in Overdose Risk (Change in Opioid Use - Heroin)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Sub-group Analyses - Change in Overdose Risk (Change in Opioid Use - Prescription Type Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Sub-group Analyses - Change in Overdose Risk (Using Alone When Taking Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes means at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Subgroup Analyses- Change in Overdose Risk (Use of Sedatives When Taking Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Subgroup Analyses- Change in Overdose Risk (Use of Alcohol When Taking Opioids)
Time Frame: 3 months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 months
Sub-group Analyses - Change in Overdose Risk Behaviors and Perceptions (Take Home Naloxone)
Time Frame: 3 Months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 Months
Sub-group Analyses- Change in Overdose Risk Behaviors and Perceptions (Likelihood of Overdose)
Time Frame: 3 Months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 Months
Sub-group Analyses- Change in Overdose Risk Behaviors and Perceptions (Concerned About Overdose)
Time Frame: 3 Months
Sub-group analyses- primary and secondary outcomes will be examined by homelessness status at baseline.(Data table includes proportions at 3 month follow-up.)
3 Months
Health Care Costs
Time Frame: Two years
Total health care costs
Two years
Health Care Utilization
Time Frame: Two years
Rate and elapsed time until initiation of buprenorphine or methadone maintenance. (for those not on treatment medications)
Two years
Health Care Utilization
Time Frame: Two years
Retention time on buprenorphine or methadone (for those on medications at baseline)
Two years
Opioid Overdose - Crossover Analysis
Time Frame: Two years
Crossover analysis- Comparison group participants who obtain naloxone during the follow up period will be analyzed with those in the intervention arm and compared with those who did not obtain naloxone in the comparison arm to examine differences in overdose rates and elapsed time to overdose.
Two years

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start

January 1, 2013

Primary Completion (Actual)

October 1, 2018

Study Completion (Actual)

October 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

February 1, 2013

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 7, 2013

First Posted (Estimate)

February 11, 2013

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

January 11, 2022

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

December 13, 2021

Last Verified

December 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 43874
  • 1R01DA030351 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

Clinical Trials on Opioid Overdose

Clinical Trials on OOPEN+BBCC

3
Subscribe