PET Imaging in MCI Following ADT for PCa

A PET Imaging Study to Detect the Presence of Activated Microglia in the Brains of Prostate Cancer Patients Who Develop Mild Cognitive Impairment Following Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with ageing is thought in part to be related to reduced serum sex hormones which is well-recognized, especially in females, but poorly understood. International studies assessing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to prevent/reduce MCI are ongoing. MCI leads to morbidity, reduced quality of life and substantial healthcare costs. The commonest therapeutically induced reduction in sex hormone level in men is treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). PCa is androgen dependent and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) suppressing testosterone to castrate levels is key therapy for advanced disease. About one million men worldwide have received ADT for PCa, mostly using luteinising hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa) although oral oestrogens were used in the past; eventually perhaps 4% of Caucasians may be castrated. MCI as a side effect of castration in men remains poorly researched. This study aims to demonstrate that pathological changes occur in the brains of a significant proportion of prostate cancer patients subjected to ADT that correlate with MCI symptoms. Highlighting the pathological changes of MCI should improve understanding and interventions for slowing/preventing MCI in PCa survivors. Brain scans employing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging technique will be used to detect the presence of pathological changes in the brain that relate to ADT induced MCI. MCI will be assessed by neuropsychological assessments (standard paper-based questionnaires and online) and its neural basis will be investigated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Prostate Cancer; Mild Cognitive Impairment

Detailed Description

In males, MCI with aging is thought in part to be related to reduction in serum androgen level and international studies are on-going to prevent age-related cognitive decline using androgen replacement therapy. Reduction in cognitive function often leads to morbidity and reduction in quality of life. The commonest therapeutically induced reduction in sex hormone level in men is in the treatment of prostate cancer. As prostate cancer is androgen dependent for growth, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) to suppress serum testosterone level to castration levels (< 1.7mM) is the key therapeutic intervention for advanced disease. Up to 1 million men worldwide are estimated to have been prescribed ADT for prostate cancer, mostly using luteinising hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa). ADT is now also used to treat some early prostate cancer and as early asymptomatic prostate cancer is increasingly being diagnosed and treated following screening with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement, estimates suggest that eventually up to 4% of all Caucasians will be castrated, some of them remaining on ADT for as long as 10 years or more. ADT is associated with considerable adverse effects, including MCI. Up to 69% of men showed MCI after six to nine months of ADT, with a decline in at least one cognitive area, most commonly visuospatial ability and executive function. Little work has been done to quantify MCI due to ADT, understand the mechanism, predict which patients will be affected and determine ways of reducing this side effect.

Establishing the presence of pathophysiology in ADT induced MCI first is important due to the lack of understanding of the underlying mechanism. A plausible scientific approach in this regard appears to be the use of the brain's immunological response to pathology using a PET imaging ligand for activated microglia. Brain microglia have been demonstrated to be highly responsive to brain injury and are rapidly activated in an attempt to envelope/ contain the focal pathology. When activated, brain microglia have been shown to express the translocator protein (TSPO). The 18 kilo-Dalton (KDa) translocator protein (TSPO) formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is widely expressed in the body but is particularly enriched up to 20 to 50 fold in steroid synthesising tissues. High TSPO expression has also been reported in immune cells such as macrophages and monocytes and TSPO is a well-characterised marker of neuroinflammation. PET imaging ligands have been developed for TSPO and used successfully for researching a range of brain disorders. While such imaging does not provide mechanistic information of the underlying pathology, except for the exasperation of frank neuro-inflammation, it does offer a generic sensitive bio-marker for demonstrating the presence of an on-going active pathology

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 11

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • London, United Kingdom, W6 8RF
    • Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 50 years to 80 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

A total of 12 prostate cancer patients on ADT with LHRHa will be recruited for the imaging part of the study; six patients having significant cognitive impairment attributable to LHRHa and six patients without cognitive impairment.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Prostate cancer patients between the ages 50 to 80 years on ADT with LHRHa for for 3 months up to a year.
2. Able to give written informed consent.
3. Able to lie still for up to 90 minutes for a PET scan.
4. Not claustrophobic and so able to undergo an MRI scan.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with a known history of organic brain disorders and associated dementia, delirium and other specific neuropsychiatric conditions, including stroke and head injury.
2. Patients who are clinically assessed as having MCI prior to starting ADT.
3. Patients with a medical prognosis of less than 3 months.
4. Patients who are claustrophobic.
5. Patients who have any metal implanted in their body e.g. heart pacemaker, cochlear implant or any other electronic device.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
MCI; Prostate cancer patients having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) attributable to ADT with LHRHa
Control; Prostate cancer patients on ADT with LHRHa not having mild cognitive impairment

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PET Biomarker Uptake	The outcome measure is the increased uptake of 11-Carbon Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor-28 ([11C]PBR28) biomarker by activated microglia of patients demonstrating significant MCI with the primary endpoint of [11C]PBR28 uptake measured as a standardized uptake value (SUV)	Single time-point SUV in Hippocampus area on the day of the test

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PET Biomarker Volume of Distribution	Secondary endpoint is the [11C]PBR28 total volume of distribution (VT)	Single time-point

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Cognitive Impairment	Association of cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments following ADT with structural and/or functional brain connectivity	Single time-point

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Imperial College London
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Paul D Abel, Imperial College London

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Saleem A, Shah SIA, Mangar SA, Coello C, Wall MB, Rizzo G, Jones T, Price PM. Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients Treated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Multimodality Functional Imaging Study to Evaluate Neuroinflammation. Prostate Cancer. 2023 Oct 18;2023:6641707. doi: 10.1155/2023/6641707. eCollection 2023.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: April 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 11, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 11, 2014
• First Posted (Estimated): February 12, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): December 7, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 30, 2023
• Last Verified: November 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Prostate cancer; Mild Cognitive Impairment; Androgen Deprivation Therapy
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms; Neoplasms by Site; Neurocognitive Disorders; Genital Neoplasms, Male; Prostatic Diseases; Cognition Disorders; Urogenital Diseases; Male Urogenital Diseases; Genital Diseases, Male; Genital Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms; Cognitive Dysfunction
• Other Study ID Numbers: 13HH0558