Predictors of Lactogenesis II

Predictors and Moderators of Delayed Lactogenesis II and Duration of Breastfeeding

The purpose of this study is to investigate what proportion of obese women will have a self-reported delay in lactogenesis II ("breastmilk coming in") compared to women with a normal weight. We hypothesize that obese women will have an absolute 20% increase in delayed lactogenesis II.

We will compare two group of women for delayed lactogenesis II, one group with obese women (BMI>30) and one group of women with a normal weight (BMI<30).

The secondary objective is to assess what other factors influence the self-reported delayed lactogenesis II.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Breastfeeding

Detailed Description

Lactogenesis I occurs during pregnancy (midpregnancy and beyond), when the mammary glands becomes sufficiently differentiated to secrete small quantities of specific milk components. Lactogenesis II is defined as the onset of plentiful milk secretion and typically occurs between 30-40 hours post delivery. It is typically described by women as a sense of fullness and leakage of milk which is subjectively reported between 50-73 hours post delivery. The incidence of delayed lactogenesis II ranges from 17-44%.

The risk of neonatal weight loss is up to 7 times greater for exclusively breastfed infants of women who experience delayed lactogenesis II as compared to women who experience typical onset lactogenesisII. In a qualitative study of 114 lactating women, increasing BMI was significantly associated with maternal perceptions of delayed onset of lactogenesis II.

The United States Breastfeeding Committee supports exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life because it "may exert a small but positive influence in reducing the risk of obesity in childhood and later in life…" Breastfeeding has also been associated with decreased risk of maternal morbidities such as type 2 diabetes, subclinical cardiovascular disease and less abdominal visceral adiposity. Given that prolonged breastfeeding improves the overall health of the mother infant dyad, it is critical to obtain a better understanding of those factors predictive of successful breastfeeding outcomes.

At University of South Florida our clinics serve an ethnically diverse population which would benefit from directed efforts at improving breastfeeding. Before we can undertake such a plan we need to assess the contemporary factors impacting lactogenesis.

We plan to prospectively enroll 186 pregnant women into a protocol to examine factors associated with delayed lactogenesis. Ninety-three women will have a BMI of 30 or higher at the time of delivery and the other 93 women will have a BMI ≤ 29 at the time of delivery.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 216

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Florida
    • Tampa, Florida, United States, 33606
      • Tampa General Hospital
    • Tampa, Florida, United States, 33606
      • USF South Tampa Center
    • Tampa, Florida, United States, 33610
      • TGH Health Park Genesis Clinic

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 50 years (ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

We plan to prospectively enroll 186 pregnant women into a protocol to examine factors associated with delayed lactogenesis. Ninety-three women will have a BMI of 30 or higher at the time of delivery and the other 93 women will have a BMI ≤ 29 at the time of delivery.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• intend to attempt breastfeeding
• Expecting a live-born infant
• Singleton pregnancy
• English or Spanish language fluency
• Delivered at fullterm gestation

Exclusion Criteria:

• Multiple gestation delivery
• Delivered pre-term (<36weeks and 6 days of gestation)
• Not admitted to Mother Baby Unit (MBU) (ie admitted to intensive or special care unit or to Labor & Delivery Unit for postpartum monitoring)
• Mother did not initiate breastfeeding within 12 hours.
• No telephone access
• History of breast reduction or enlargement surgery
• Planning to formula feed from birth (no intention to breastfeed or try breastfeeding).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Onset of lactogenesis II	Women will be asked about the perception of the onset of their breastmilk coming such as breast engorgement.	2-5 days post delivery

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Breastfeeding duration	Women presenting for their 6 week postpartum exam will be asked to complete a short interview of 4 questions in regards to breastfeeding duration, "Measurement of intensity of breastfeeding behavior". Exclusivity of breastfeeding will be based on Labbok's suggested levels of breastfeeding behaviors.Women will be asked "How is your infant feeding? Why?" Responses will be categorized into exclusive, almost exclusive, partial high, partial low, token or no breastfeeding. Women not currently breastfeeding will be asked when the infant last received any breast milk and what the reason is for stop breastfeeding. If we miss the patient at their postpartum visit, we will complete the questionnaire by telephone.	Six weeks post delivery

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of South Florida
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jessica Brumley, PhD, USF OB/GYN

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: August 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): January 1, 2017
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): January 1, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 15, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 15, 2014
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): August 19, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): September 21, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 20, 2018
• Last Verified: May 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Obesity; Breastmilk; Lactogenesis
• Other Study ID Numbers: 00018603