The Philani Mobile Video Intervention for Exclusive Breastfeeding (MOVIE) Study (MOVIE)

The Philani Mobile Video Intervention for Exclusive Breastfeeding (MOVIE) Study: a Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Video Entertainment-education Intervention to Promote Exclusive Breastfeeding in South Africa

This cluster-randomized controlled trial seeks to evaluate the impact of a mobile video intervention for exclusive breastfeeding (MOVIE) on the infant feeding practices of mothers living in under-resourced communities in the Western Cape, South Africa. The trial will compare infant feeding practices in two groups of participants, enrolled in the Philani Mentor-Mother Outreach Program, a home-visiting program focused on community-based health promotion through peer-to-peer counseling. The participants in the intervention arm will receive the Philani Intervention Model (PIM), a perinatal health promotion intervention, together with the additional mobile, video intervention for exclusive breastfeeding. The participants in the control arm will receive only the standard PIM. Participants will be exposed to either the intervention or the control condition during pregnancy and the first five months after delivery. The central hypothesis in this trial is that, when compared with the control group, infant feeding practices in the intervention group will be significantly better aligned with current World Health Organization recommendations, after exposure to the Philani MOVIE intervention. The primary outcomes in this study are short-term exclusive breastfeeding, in the first month of life, and long-term exclusive breastfeeding, in the fifth month of life, (based on maternal 24-hour recall). Secondary outcomes include other infant feeding practices, such as early initiation of breastfeeding, any breastfeeding in the first month and in the fifth month of life, bottle-feeding, early introduction of complementary foods in the first month and in the fifth month of life and maternal knowledge in the first month and the fifth month post delivery.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Exclusive Breastfeeding; Infant Feeding Practices
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Philani Intervention Model+MOVIE (PIM+M); Behavioral: Philani Intervention Model (PIM)

Detailed Description

Background

The health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), have been well documented. These include protection against infectious diseases, improved measures of intelligence and decreased risk of becoming overweight and developing diabetes. Globally, EBF could save the lives of an estimated 823 000 children under the age of five each year. Yet, despite World Health Organization recommendations that children should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, EBF rates hover at only 37% in LMIC.

South Africa has one of the lowest rates of EBF in the world. Estimates of EBF rates under six months in South Africa range from 8% to the most generous estimate, 32% reported in the South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The health problems that result are largely due to unsafe formula feeding and the widespread practice of introducing solid foods early (often before three months) into the infant's diet. In South Africa, more than 70% of infants are given solid foods before reaching six months, the recommended age for initiating complementary feeding. Unsafe formula feeding and early introduction of solid foods can lead to diarrheal disease from pathogens entering the gut, as well as nutrient deficiencies when the foods introduced displace breastmilk without providing adequate nutrient density. The limited availability of reliable national data on infant feeding in South Africa complicates the design and evaluation of infant feeding interventions. However, systematic reviews of the literature suggest that large-scale interventions focused on educating mothers can increase the prevalence of EBF and decrease infant mortality.

Narrative, entertainment-education (E-E) approaches to health education have emerged as potentially powerful strategies for promoting positive health behavior change. E-E involves the delivery of health messages by embedding them in an entertainment media framework. A substantial body of research suggests that E-E is an effective way of influencing beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. The characteristics of particularly impactful E-E media include: a) appealing narratives, b) high-quality production, c) persuasive messages that are unobtrusive and d) high potential for involvement or identification with the presenters or characters portrayed. While E-E can take many forms, a video-based approach readily supports the optimized integration of these characteristics.

Video-based content, optimized for mobile devices, may also facilitate broad dissemination of health education, especially as the global penetration of mobile technology increases. Recent advances in mobile health (mHealth) messaging have already begun to facilitate the delivery of health messages at scale and researchers are increasingly recognizing the potential for mobile phones and tablets to play an important role in health education interventions in LMIC. South Africa is an example of a LMIC at the forefront of mHealth initiatives, due to its rapidly expanding penetration of mobile phones. National, maternal-child mHealth initiatives built around free, text-based messaging have attracted global attention and been well received. General "tech-savviness" in South Africa continues to grow, with 37% of adults reporting "smartphone" ownership and 42% reporting daily internet usage in 2016. Active experimentation with "WhatsApp", a widely used mobile communication tool that supports the transfer of videos, is also underway in many sectors, including health.

Even for South Africans who do not yet have access to mobile phones, a feasible dissemination pathway lies in the delivery of educational videos by community health workers (CHWs) who bring teaching tablets to their in-home counseling sessions. Numerous interventions that support women in their homes have demonstrated efficacy in improving breastfeeding rates. The Philani Maternal Child Health and Nutrition Trust is an example of a successful community based organization, employing "mentor-mothers", CHWs who offer in-home health promotion counseling to pregnant women and mothers within their communities. Data from both case studies and quantitative research suggest additional improvements in breastfeeding rates when synergistic interventions - for example, mass media interventions - are used to supplement successful community-based ones. Developing interventions that boost the efficacy of successful community-based programs represents a critical step towards ending preventable child and maternal deaths by 2030 (as called for by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. Prior research in South Africa suggests that such synergistic interventions are even more effective when they are created in close collaboration with community-based programs, actively involving local stakeholders in the content creation process.

Aims

This study will achieve the following specific research aims: To establish the

1. Effectiveness of the Philani MOVIE intervention for improving exclusive breastfeeding practices among study participants
2. Effectiveness of the Philani MOVIE intervention for improving other infant feeding practices, and maternal knowledge among the study participants

Methods

A cluster-randomized controlled trial will be used to measure the effects of the Philani MOVIE intervention on infant feeding behaviors. Eighty-four mentor mothers will be randomized 1:1 into intervention and control arms, stratified by neighborhood type. Mentor-mothers in the control arm will provide the usual Philani Intervention Model (PIM) perinatal in-home counseling. Mentor-mothers in the intervention arm will provide standard care plus the MOVIE intervention (PIM+M). Based on sample size calculations described below, at least 1008 pregnant women will be enrolled in the study and mother-child pairs will be followed until five months of age. Cluster randomization will be done by a third party who is not employed by Philani, nor an in-country member of the research team.

Intervention

The Philani MOVIE intervention consists of 13 short, (2-5 min.), videos conveying current WHO infant feeding recommendations, the health rationale for these recommendations, historical information on global breastfeeding trends and contemporary challenges facing breastfeeding mothers. The intervention uses a narrative, entertainment-education approach, incorporating the personal stories of six South African mothers, three celebrities and three community mothers, alongside animations, illustrations and voiceovers by local South African voice talent.

Sample size calculation

The sample size calculation in this trial was based on the primary outcomes: exclusive breastfeeding in the first month and in the fifth month of life. Calculations were performed using standard methods for cluster-randomized controlled trials with baseline covariate adjustment and stratification. The randomization units were the mentor-mothers. An intra-cluster correlation of 0.1 was assumed for the two primary outcomes. Routine program data describing the performance of the 84 mentor-mothers participating in this trial was used to inform the power calculation. Based on this data, and a range of other data sources on breastfeeding in South Africa the investigators assumed that 40% of mothers exclusively breastfed their infants in the first month of life and 10% of mothers exclusively breastfed their infants in the fifth month of life. Assuming a correlation between the baseline measurements and the primary outcome of 0.30 and an average enrollment of 12 pregnant women per mentor-mother over the course of this study, the investigators estimated that the trial would have 80% power to detect at a 5% significance level a 13-percentage point increase in the primary outcome in the first month of life and a 9-percentage point increase in the primary outcome in the fifth month of life. This minimal detectable difference met the investigators' condition for policy relevance (an improvement of more than 15 percentage points). The total sample size was thus set for outcome assessment at 840 pregnant women plus 20% (to allow for loss to follow-up), i.e. 1008 pregnant women.

Data collection and training

Data will be collected via two tablet-based questionnaires, one in the first month post-delivery and the second in the fifth month post-delivery. Both questionnaires will be completed directly on the tablets by the participants and will include visual and audio prompts to overcome literacy barriers. Each of these surveys will be followed within one week by a telephone survey, administered by a professional phone survey research company, and will be used to verify the responses recorded on the tablet-based surveys and gather additional data on specific complementary foods introduced and on maternal knowledge.

Mentor-mothers in both the intervention and control groups will undergo training on basic research procedures. In total, six groups of ~15 mentor-mothers will attend a one-day training workshop over a one-week period, followed by a half-day refresher training workshop within three weeks of the first training. The workshops will include training on informed consent procedures, ethical principles, and the use of tablet devices to collect data on infant feeding practices. Mentor-mothers will be trained to open the questionnaires on the tablet and administer a practice questionnaire with the participant to ensure that the participant is comfortable and competent in working with the tablet. Once the mentor-mother is confident in the participant's ability to work with the tablet, they will hand it to the participants to complete the questionnaires independently, without input from their mentor-mother.

Mentor-mothers in both intervention and control groups will be afforded the opportunity to troubleshoot any concerns related to the use of the tablets or the research procedures for the duration of the study.

Mentor-mothers in the intervention group will undergo separate training sessions aimed at familiarizing them with the content of the Philani MOVIE intervention as well as allowing them to practice integrating the intervention into their existing perinatal home-visiting program. These training sessions will include role play activities, followed by feedback from peers and training facilitators.

Data Analysis

The primary analysis will be based on intention-to-treat at the unit of the individual newborn/individual mother, with standard errors adjusted for clustering at the level of the unit of randomization, i.e. the mentor-mothers. The investigators will adjust for baseline neighborhood type in addition to six additional baseline covariates detailed in the study design description. Mixed-effects generalized linear models will be used for the primary analysis, using a fixed effect for the assignment to treatment vs. control arm and a random effect for mentor-mother. In particular, the investigators will use modified Poisson models (generalized linear models with Poisson distribution and a logarithmic link function), for the binary outcomes, i.e., the primary outcomes as well as secondary outcomes, 3-13. Modified Poisson models were chosen because they generate estimates of risk ratios (and thus avoid the well-known interpretational difficulties associated with odds ratios) and because they converge more easily than alternative models that generate risk ratios (such as binomial models). For the continuous secondary outcomes (14 and 15), generalized linear models will be used with Gaussian distribution and identity link function.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 1504
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• South Africa
  • Western Cape
    • Khayelitsha, Western Cape, South Africa, 7784
      • Philani Maternal Child Health and Nutrition Trust

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• consenting pregnant clients, 20-40 weeks pregnant
• at least 18 years of age
• living within the catchment areas of the 84 mentor-mother CHWs taking part in this study
• enrolled in the Philani Mentor Mother Outreach Program

Exclusion Criteria:

• non-pregnant
• younger than 18 years of age

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Philani Intervention Model+MOVIE (PIM+M); Participants will receive the standard PIM perinatal home visiting program together with the MOVIE intervention (13 entertainment-education videos about infant feeding). The PIM is a structured program of antenatal and postnatal home-visits covering foundational health promotion topics including nutrition in pregnancy, infant feeding, newborn care and maternal mental health among others. The MOVIE videos will be integrated into the regular home visiting program.	Behavioral: Philani Intervention Model+MOVIE (PIM+M); The PIM+M intervention will involve the integration of the mobile video intervention into the standard perinatal counseling program offered by the intervention mentor-mothers. MOVIE intervention videos are narrated in English and isiXhosa, the languages spoken most widely among the study participants. Teaching videos are short (2-5 min.) and use simple language, avoiding medical jargon. The modularity of the videos facilitates delivery in any order and thus, they can be deployed at the discretion of each skilled mentor-mother, such that the health messages delivered are aligned with the individual needs of each participant at each perinatal stage. All videos will be administered at least once to each participant in the intervention group during the study period.
Active Comparator: Philani Intervention Model (PIM); Participants will receive the standard PIM perinatal home visiting program, which is a structured program of antenatal and postnatal home-visits covering foundational health promotion topics including nutrition in pregnancy, infant feeding, newborn care and maternal mental health among others.	Behavioral: Philani Intervention Model (PIM); The Philani Intervention Model (PIM) describes a structured program of antenatal and postnatal home-visits covering foundational health promotion topics including nutrition in pregnancy, infant feeding, newborn care and maternal mental health among others.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Short-term Exclusive Breastfeeding (24-hour recall)	Infant, age 1 month, was exclusively breastfed in the past 24 hours, per maternal report	Measured at 1 month post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Long-term Exclusive Breastfeeding (24-hour recall)	Infant, age 5 months, was exclusively breastfed in the past 24 hours, per maternal report	Measured at 5 months post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Short-term Exclusive Breastfeeding (since birth recall)	Infant, age 1 month, was exclusively breastfed since birth, per maternal report	Measured at 1 month post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Long-term Exclusive Breastfeeding (since birth recall)	Infant, age 5 months, was exclusively breastfed since birth, per maternal report	Measured at 5 months post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Early initiation of breastfeeding	Infant was breastfed within the first hour of life (based on maternal recall)	Measured at 1 month post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Any breastfeeding at 1 month	Infant, age 1 month, received any breastmilk in the past 24 hours, even if not exclusively breastfed	Measured at 1 month post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Any breastfeeding at 5 months	Infant, age 5 months, received any breastmilk in the past 24 hours, even if not exclusively breastfed	Measured at 5 months post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Bottle-feeding at 1 month	Infant, age 1 month, was fed using a bottle with a nipple in the past 24 hours	Measured at 1 month post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Bottle-feeding at 5 months	Infant, age 5 months, was fed using a bottle with a nipple in the past 24 hours	Measured at 5 months post-delivery via tablet based survey AND independent verification phone survey within one week
Early introduction of complementary foods at 1 month (24-hour recall)	Infant, age 1 month, received complementary foods in the past 24 hours	Measured at 1 month post-delivery by phone survey
Early introduction of complementary foods at 5 months (24-hour recall)	Infant, age 5 months, received complementary foods in the past 24 hours	Measured at 5 months post-delivery by phone survey
Early introduction of complementary foods at 1 month (since birth recall)	Infant, age 1 month, received complementary foods at some point since birth	Measured at 1 month post-delivery by phone survey
Early introduction of complementary foods at 5 months (since birth recall)	Infant, age 5 months, received complementary foods at some point since birth	Measured at 5 months post-delivery by phone survey
Maternal knowledge at 1 month post-delivery	Short-term maternal knowledge of breastfeeding current recommendations and basic health principles relevant to infant feeding	Measured at 1 month post-delivery by phone survey
Maternal knowledge at 5 months post-delivery	Long-term maternal knowledge of breastfeeding current recommendations and basic health principles	Measured at 5 months post-delivery by phone survey

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Charles G. Prober
• Collaborators: Stanford University; Heidelberg University; University of Stellenbosch; University of Cape Town
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Maya Adam, MD, Stanford University; Principal Investigator: Till Bärnighausen, MD, ScD, Heidelberg University; Principal Investigator: Charles Prober, MD, Stanford University; Principal Investigator: Amnesty E LeFevre, PhD, University of Cape Town; Principal Investigator: Shannon McMahon, PhD, Heidelberg University

Publications and helpful links

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Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 5, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 31, 2020
• Study Completion (Actual): March 31, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 13, 2018
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 26, 2018
• First Posted (Actual): September 28, 2018

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 22, 2020
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 19, 2020
• Last Verified: October 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: community-based; health education; low- and middle-income countries; exclusive breastfeeding; entertainment-education; video-based; narrative
• Other Study ID Numbers: 46667

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No