The Effect of Solution-focused Group Therapy for Pain Management in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

Objective: to verify the effect of solution-focused group therapy (SFBT) on pain management as well as physiological, psychological and social adaptation in patients with spinal cord injury.

Setting: for matters of convenience, the samples were collected at medical and rehabilitation centers in Taiwan. Twenty-six patients with spinal cord injuries and neuropathic pain were invited to join the four pain management groups.

Method: In the case of patients with spinal cord injury affected by neuropathic pain, a solution-focused pain management group therapy was conducted once a week for 6 weeks, 90 minutes each time; fear avoidance theory and acceptance and commitment therapy was used for pain management, using solution-focus group counseling strategies to guide group members to achieve pain management goals by accepting pain and establishing goals.The group effectiveness was assessed before and after the group intervention in terms of pain intensity (0-10 numeric rating scale), brief pain inventory-pain inference, chronic pain self-efficacy scale, pain fear (0-10 numeric rating scale), depression (patient health questionnaire-9), demoralization (demoralization scale), post-traumatic growth inventory and life quality (WHOQOL-BREF). Then we analyzed the correlation between the difference values of the variables before and after the test in order to understand the clinical application of the pain management group therapy for patients with spinal cord injury.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pain Management; Spinal Cord Injuries; Life Quality
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: solution-focused group therapy

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 26
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients diagnosed with spinal cord injury as being in compliance with the Taiwan National Health Insurance's definition

Exclusion Criteria:

• Psychiatric disabilities
• Intellectual disabilities
• Unconscious patients
• Patients in critical condition
• Bedridden patients

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: SUPPORTIVE_CARE
• Allocation: NA
• Interventional Model: SINGLE_GROUP
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: the six weeks solution-focused pain management groups	Behavioral: solution-focused group therapy; Participants began a 90-minute solution-focused pain management group, which lasted for six weeks, and after the group ended, the questionnaire post-test was carried out, and a total of 26 participants thus completed their group journey. The group effect was evaluated by the difference between the scores of the questionnaires before and after the group.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The pain intensity and pain fear scale	The pain intensity and pain fear scale is based on the Numeric Rating Scale, asking participants "the intensity of pain in your body now" and "the degree of fear towards the future caused by your physical pain", from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 10.	6 weeks
Brief Pain Inventory-Pain inference	Participants are asked to answer the extent to which pain interferes with daily life, mood, relationships with others, sleep, breathing, cough, mobility, and enjoyment of life over the past 24 hours, with a score of 0 representing no interference to 10 points representing complete interference. The total score ranges from 0 to 70, and the higher the score, the greater the degree of interference from pain.	6 weeks
Pain management self-efficacy subscale and symptom response self-efficacy subscale within Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale (CPSS)	Since most of the patients with spinal cord injury were injured in the whole body or in the lower part of their body, the self-efficacy of their physical functions could not be revealed. Therefore, the 9 questions regarding the body function self-efficacy subscale were removed and revised into 13 questions regarding the pain self-efficacy. Participants used 0 to 10 points to indicate their degree of confidence in management and response to the situation described; 0 points indicate complete uncertainty, 10 points indicate 10% confidence, and the total score ranged from 0 to 130 points.	6 weeks
The depression scale uses Patient Health Questionnaires-9	participants are asked to answer the frequency of symptoms described in the topic over the past two weeks, namely 0 points in case there were no symptoms, several days (1 point), more than one week (2 points) and almost every day (3 points) score. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 points. The higher the score, the more serious the depression.	6 weeks
Demoralization scale - Mandarin Version (DS-M)	DS-M includes loss of meaning, dysphoria, disheartenment, sense of failure, helplessness, and other items for total of 24 questions, with a score ranging from 0 to 4, namely from completely disagree to completely agree. The total score ranges from 0 to 96 points. The higher the score, the higher the degree of demoralization.	6 weeks
Post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI)	PTGI assesses an individual's possible positive psychological changes after major stress events, including increasing the relation with others, opening up to new possibilities, increasing personal strength, appreciation of life, and spiritual change. The scale has a total of 21 questions, 0-5 points indicating a scale from no change to a very large degree of change. The total score ranges from 0 to 105 points. Spinal cord injury is mostly caused by accidents. So for a part of those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is estimated that post-traumatic growth can provide information about the psychological recovery of people with spinal cord injury.	6 weeks
The quality of life adopts Taiwan's concise version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF-TW)	It is made up of the 26 questions of WHOQOL-BREF , plus 2 questions related to Taiwan, for a total of 28 questions. The individual score ranges from 1 to 5. The total score ranges from 0 to 140. The higher the score, the better the quality of life.	6 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (ACTUAL): April 29, 2014
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): December 31, 2015
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): December 31, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 9, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 18, 2019
• First Posted (ACTUAL): June 19, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): June 19, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 18, 2019
• Last Verified: June 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: spinal cord injury; pain intensity; pain management; pain self-efficacy; solution-focused group therapy
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Trauma, Nervous System; Spinal Cord Diseases; Wounds and Injuries; Spinal Cord Injuries
• Other Study ID Numbers: NTUNHS

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No