A Research Study to Evaluate the Benefits of a Self-management Booklet to Promote Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic (SWitCh)

A Research Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Self-management Booklet (Stay Well During COVID-19; SWitCh) to Promote Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background The immediate psychological impact of COVID-19 is already emerging. The investigators are interested in the benefits of a self-management booklet focused on the current circumstances in response to the COVID-19 pandemic on people's physical and mental wellbeing.

Who can participate? The investigators are looking for participants aged 18 and over who live in the UK and can read and write in English, without any current serious mental health problems (e.g. bipolar disorder, PTSD, active thoughts of self-harm, or severe anxiety/depression), and who feel that their physical and/or mental wellbeing have been affected since the COVID-19 pandemic.

What does the study involve? Eligible participants will complete questionnaires at baseline following which they will be randomly allocated to either receive the self-management booklet right away (via email) or after 4 months (waiting-list, in the meantime participants will be provided a link to educational materials). Participants will not be able to choose whether they will receive the self-management booklet right away or be in the waiting-list as a computer system (Qualtrics randomiser) will allocate them to one of the two groups at random. Participants in both conditions will be asked to complete online questionnaires at multiple time points, 2-months and 4-months after allocation. Participants in the waiting-list condition will also be asked to complete the same set of questionnaires at 6- and 8-months after allocation to assess how beneficial they found the self-management booklet.

Participants will also be invited to take part in an audio-recorded interview after T2 to tell us more about how they found the self-management booklet or the educational materials. The investigators will select 30 participants (15 from each condition) for the interview out of those who opt-in to capture a wide range of experiences and backgrounds.

What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? Risks to participants are small. Participants may find reflecting on the impact of COVID-19 on their lives distressing. However, these effects are anticipated to be short lived, as participants will learn psychological techniques during the intervention that can help them manage better in the current circumstances and improve their wellbeing.

Where is the study run from? The lead site is King's College London. The study is run online via Qualtrics.

When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2020 to May 2021

Who is the main contact? Dr Federica Picariello federica.picariello@kcl.ac.uk

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: COVID
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Self-management booklet (SWitCh: Stay well during COVID-19)

Detailed Description

In the UK, over 4 in 5 Britons are worried about the effect COVID-19 is having on their life, with over half reporting that their wellbeing has been affected. Providing support for individuals to build optimal structures to maintain their physical and mental wellbeing is key to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic on day-to-day life and in the longer term. The investigators would like to conduct a randomised-controlled trial to test the efficacy of a theory-based self-management booklet to improve physical and mental wellbeing versus education alone. The trial will include a nested qualitative study to explore in a subgroup of participants their experiences of the self-management booklet or education alone. The primary objective is to examine the efficacy of the self-management booklet at improving wellbeing as compared to the waiting-list control arm 2-months post-randomisation. The investigators also want to explore the treatment effects of the self-management booklet on secondary outcomes (health status, day-to-day activities, resilience, intolerance of uncertainty, loneliness, social support, sleep quality, napping, sedentary behaviour, physical activity, and COVID-19-related behaviours, symptom complaints). Tertiary objectives include exploring changes in self-reported primary and secondary outcomes over time in a non-randomised analysis combining data from both arms and qualitatively exploring participants' perceptions of the acceptability and usefulness of the self-management booklet. These objectives will be addressed by a two-armed parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a nested qualitative study. The study will be conducted through Qualitrics (including recruitment, randomisation, and data collection). Participants in both arms will be followed-up at 2 and 4 months post-randomisation. Additionally, participants in the control arm will receive the self-management booklet after the 4-months follow-up assessment and will be followed-up at 6 and 8 months post-randomisation.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 185
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United Kingdom
  • London, United Kingdom
    • Online recruitment through Qualtrics

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 18 and over who live in the UK and can read and write in English, without any current serious mental health problems (e.g. bipolar disorder, PTSD, active thoughts of self-harm, or severe anxiety/depression) and who feel that their physical and/or mental wellbeing have been affected since the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any current serious mental health problems (e.g. bipolar disorder, PTSD, active thoughts of self-harm, or severe anxiety/depression) or who feel that their physical and/or mental wellbeing have not been affected by COVID-19

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Self-management booklet; Self-management booklet: developed drawing on existing evidence and work conducted by researchers at the Health Psychology section at KCL, tailored to the current circumstances in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.	Behavioral: Self-management booklet (SWitCh: Stay well during COVID-19); The purpose of this booklet is to support adjustment to the current circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic and facilitate the development and maintenance of healthy behaviours at home. The booklet covers a range of topics, including understanding bodily sensations and symptoms of COVID-19, managing the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, social support and isolation, nutrition and alcohol consumption, sex and intimate relationships, and coping with children at home. The booklet will provide structured guidance on the various topics through the use of effective behaviour change techniques, in particular self-monitoring, goal setting, and problem solving and signposting to additional helpful resources, such as drinking or nutrition tracking apps.
No Intervention: Education only (waiting-list); Participants allocated to the waiting-list control arm will receive a link via email to educational materials related to COVID produced by King's College London for an online event and will be provided with the self-management booklet after completing the T2 assessment and qualitative interview. The topics covered in the online event are the same as the ones included in the self-management booklet, without structured guidance and behaviour change techniques to facilitate behaviour change.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS): Tennant et al., 2007	validated self-report measure; scores range from 14 to 70 and higher scores indicate greater positive mental wellbeing.	2 months post-randomisation

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS): Tennant et al., 2007	validated self-report measure; scores range from 14 to 70 and higher scores indicate greater positive mental wellbeing.	4 months post-randomisation
Self-rated health status: Bombak, 2013	validated self-report measure; scores range from 0 to 100 and higher scores indicate better health	2 months post-randomisation
Self-rated health status: Bombak, 2013	validated self-report measure; scores range from 0 to 100 and higher scores indicate better health	4 months post-randomisation
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS): Smith et al., 2008	validated self-report measure; items are averaged to create a total score, ranging from 1 to 7 and higher total scores indicate higher levels of resilience.	2 months post-randomisation
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS): Smith et al., 2008	validated self-report measure; items are averaged to create a total score, ranging from 1 to 7 and higher total scores indicate higher levels of resilience.	4 months post-randomisation
Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12): Carleton et al., 2007	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 12 to 60 and higher scores indicate higher intolerance of uncertainty	2 months post-randomisation
Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12): Carleton et al., 2007	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 12 to 60 and higher scores indicate higher intolerance of uncertainty	4 months post-randomisation
Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale-X (PANAS-X): Watson & Clark, 1999	validated self-report measure; positive affect items (N=27) are rated on a five-point scale (1) very slightly or not at all, (2) a little, (3) moderately, (4) quite a bit, and (5) extremely and can be grouped into subscales according to Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Higher scores indicate higher levels of positive affect states.	2 months post-randomisation
Positive Affect subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale-X (PANAS-X): Watson & Clark, 1999	validated self-report measure; positive affect items (N=27) are rated on a five-point scale (1) very slightly or not at all, (2) a little, (3) moderately, (4) quite a bit, and (5) extremely and can be grouped into subscales according to Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Higher scores indicate higher levels of positive affect states.	4 months post-randomisation
UCLA 3 item loneliness scale: Russell, 1996	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 3 to 9 and higher scores indicate higher levels of loneliness	2 months post-randomisation
UCLA 3 item loneliness scale: Russell, 1996	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 3 to 9 and higher scores indicate higher levels of loneliness	4 months post-randomisation
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS): Zimet et al., 1988	validated self-report measure; the scale consists of three subscales (family, friends, and significant other) that contain 4 items each; each subscale score can range from 4 to 28. Items are summed, and a total score is also calculated and ranges from 12 to 84. Higher subscale and total scores indicate higher levels of perceived social support.	2 months post-randomisation
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS): Zimet et al., 1988	validated self-report measure; the scale consists of three subscales (family, friends, and significant other) that contain 4 items each; each subscale score can range from 4 to 28. Items are summed, and a total score is also calculated and ranges from 12 to 84. Higher subscale and total scores indicate higher levels of perceived social support.	4 months post-randomisation
Subjective Health Complaint Scale (SHC): Eriksen, Ihlebæk, & Ursin, 1999	validated self-report measure; a total score will be obtained for each symptom (severity x duration) with a possible range from 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater severity of a symptom, total number of symptoms reported, and a total score from 0 to 84 with higher scores indicating greater severity of somatic complaints.	2 months post-randomisation
Subjective Health Complaint Scale (SHC): Eriksen, Ihlebæk, & Ursin, 1999	validated self-report measure; a total score will be obtained for each symptom (severity x duration) with a possible range from 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater severity of a symptom, total number of symptoms reported, and a total score from 0 to 84 with higher scores indicating greater severity of somatic complaints.	4 months post-randomisation
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ): Parrott & Hindmarch, 1980	validated self-report measure; responses are measured using a 100-mm scale and are then averaged to provide a score for each domain and higher scores indicate better sleep.	2 months post-randomisation
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ): Parrott & Hindmarch, 1980	validated self-report measure; responses are measured using a 100-mm scale and are then averaged to provide a score for each domain and higher scores indicate better sleep.	4 months post-randomisation
Self-reported napping: Stone et al., 2018	self-report measure used in Stone et al., 2018; self-reported napping is defined as reporting at least 1 hour of napping each time and responses will be categorised as follows: no napping=coded as 0; <1 hour=coded as 1, 1-2 hours=coded as 2, and >2 hours=coded as 3.	2 months post-randomisation
Self-reported napping: Stone et al., 2018	self-report measure used in Stone et al., 2018; self-reported napping is defined as reporting at least 1 hour of napping each time and responses will be categorised as follows: no napping=coded as 0; <1 hour=coded as 1, 1-2 hours=coded as 2, and >2 hours=coded as 3.	4 months post-randomisation
Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS): Mundt et al., 2002	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 0 to 40 and higher scores indicate greater impairment	2 months post-randomisation
Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS): Mundt et al., 2002	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 0 to 40 and higher scores indicate greater impairment	4 months post-randomisation
International Physical Activity Questionnaire -short form (IPAQ-SF): Craig et al., 2003	validated self-report measure; The questionnaire can be scored categorically according to developed cut-offs to classify individuals into low, moderate, or high physical activity groups; or it can be scored continuously. Responses can be converted to Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes per week (METmin/wk), according to the IPAQ scoring protocol. MET scores across the three sub-components can be summed to indicate overall physical activity	2 months post-randomisation
International Physical Activity Questionnaire -short form (IPAQ-SF): Craig et al., 2003	validated self-report measure; The questionnaire can be scored categorically according to developed cut-offs to classify individuals into low, moderate, or high physical activity groups; or it can be scored continuously. Responses can be converted to Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes per week (METmin/wk), according to the IPAQ scoring protocol. MET scores across the three sub-components can be summed to indicate overall physical activity	4 months post-randomisation

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
COVID-related behaviours	non-validated self-report items (such as following guidelines with regards to social distancing, rated from 0 to 10 with higher scores indicating better adherence to guidelines)	Baseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only.
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS): Tennant et al., 2007	validated self-report measure; scores range from 14 to 70 and higher scores indicate greater positive mental wellbeing.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Self-rated health status: Bombak, 2013	validated self-report measure; scores range from 0 to 100 and higher scores indicate better health	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS): Smith et al., 2008	validated self-report measure; items are averaged to create a total score, ranging from 1 to 7 and higher total scores indicate higher levels of resilience.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12): Carleton et al., 2007	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 12 to 60 and higher scores indicate higher intolerance of uncertainty	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the UCLA 3 item loneliness scale: Russell, 1996	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 3 to 9 and higher scores indicate higher levels of loneliness	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS): Zimet et al., 1988	validated self-report measure; the scale consists of three subscales (family, friends, and significant other) that contain 4 items each; each subscale score can range from 4 to 28. Items are summed, and a total score is also calculated and ranges from 12 to 84. Higher subscale and total scores indicate higher levels of perceived social support.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ): Parrott & Hindmarch, 1980	validated self-report measure; responses are measured using a 100-mm scale and are then averaged to provide a score for each domain and higher scores indicate better sleep.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS): Mundt et al., 2002	validated self-report measure; total scores range from 0 to 40 and higher scores indicate greater impairment	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire -short form (IPAQ-SF): Craig et al., 2003	validated self-report measure; The questionnaire can be scored categorically according to developed cut-offs to classify individuals into low, moderate, or high physical activity groups; or it can be scored continuously. Responses can be converted to Metabolic Equivalent Task minutes per week (METmin/wk), according to the IPAQ scoring protocol. MET scores across the three sub-components can be summed to indicate overall physical activity	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up in self-reported napping: Stone et al., 2018	self-report measure used in Stone et al., 2018; self-reported napping is defined as reporting at least 1 hour of napping each time and responses will be categorised as follows: no napping=coded as 0; <1 hour=coded as 1, 1-2 hours=coded as 2, and >2 hours=coded as 3.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up on the Subjective Health Complaint Scale (SHC): Eriksen, Ihlebæk, & Ursin, 1999	validated self-report measure; a total score will be obtained for each symptom (severity x duration) with a possible range from 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater severity of a symptom, total number of symptoms reported, and a total score from 0 to 84 with higher scores indicating greater severity of somatic complaints.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)
Change from baseline to follow-up in Positive Affect states on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale-X (PANAS-X): Watson & Clark, 1999	validated self-report measure; positive affect items (N=27) are rated on a five-point scale (1) very slightly or not at all, (2) a little, (3) moderately, (4) quite a bit, and (5) extremely and can be grouped into subscales according to Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. Higher scores indicate higher levels of positive affect states.	4 months post-randomisbaseline (before randomisation), 2 and 4 months post-randomisation both arms, and 6 and 8 months post-randomisation control arm only (non-randomised comparison of change)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: King's College London
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Federica Picariello, PhD, King's College London

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): May 20, 2020
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 1, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 26, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 28, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): May 29, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 13, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 12, 2022
• Last Verified: September 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: wellbeing; covid19
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Coronavirus Infections; Coronaviridae Infections; Nidovirales Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Pneumonia, Viral; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; COVID-19
• Other Study ID Numbers: v1.1 06.05.2020

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Data will be confidentially and securely stored for 7 years as per University policy. Anonymised aggregated data will be made available upon request to the corresponding author.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No