Use of Computer Aided Design and 3D Printing for Anesthesiology Management in a Pediatric Patient With Cleft Facial Defect (3D obturator)

Congenital malformations of the orofacial area are the most common congenital malformations in children with an incidence of 1.8 children with orofacial cleft per 1000 healthy births in the Czech Republic. The care of children with cleft facial defects is multidisciplinary, centralized and takes place from birth to adulthood. At the University Hospital Brno, the treatment for patients with orofacial cleft is provided by the Cleft Center (CC) of the University Hospital Brno. The main specialties that form the basis of CC include plastic surgery, pediatric anesthesiology and neonatology. Patients with facial cleft defects are divided into 2 main groups based on the embryological causes of clefts: 1/ patients with cleft lip, jaw with or without cleft palate (total cleft) and 2/ patients with isolated cleft soft and hard palate. Anesthesia in children with orofacial clefts is specific not only to the age of the patients, but mainly to the cleft itself. Anesthesiology management, and especially intubation of these patients, are often difficult due to the nature of the defect with high incidence of complications such as difficult airway, desaturation, laryngospasm or bradycardia. In addition, tissue damage including soft tissue of the lip, alveolar arch, palate and nasal septum as well as skeleton of the premaxilla and nasal septum during intubation is seen in approximately 90% of patients. To facilitate intubation, improve anesthesiology management and safety of pediatric patients with orofacial cleft, we will develop an individualized protective tray from a silicone material, that will be used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate. A mold for casting of a protective tray, will be created on a 3D printer on bases of 3D scan. Use of the protective tray would facilitate intubation, decrease anesthesiologic complications and protect soft and hard tissues of the cleft palate and upper jaw during intubation.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Cleft Lip and Palate
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: 3D obturator

Detailed Description

After approval by the Ethics Committee of the Brno University Hospital and registration at clinicaltrials.gov, the study will include patients meeting inclusive criteria for whom primary surgery for a cleft facial defect will be indicated.

Patients will be divided into two groups based on the type of surgery. Group 1 will include patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and alveolus (U/BCLA) or unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (total cleft; U/BCLAP) who underwent primary lip reconstruction within 0-3 months of age. Group 2 will include patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP) and patients with U/BCLAP who underwent primary cleft reconstruction between 6 and 18 months of age.

Patients in the pediatric plastic surgery clinic of the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Orthopedics and Traumatology will be randomized with a 1:1 allocation based on the day of operation to the intervention group (3D protective obturator) and the control group (standard procedure without the 3D obturator). Patients enrolled in the intervention group will have an intraoral scan of the palate, alveolar arch, and upper vestibular area before surgery. Based on this 3D visualization of precise anatomical conditions in the oral cavity, a form (negative unique impression of the upper jaw and palato-alveolar conditions) for casting of a protective obturator (splint), used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate will be created on a 3D printer, in cooperation with the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Department of Mechanics of Bodies, Mechatronics and Biomechanics) of Brno University of Technology. For the production of the obturator, a silicone certified for use in the oral cavity will be used.

The main objective of the research will be to find out how the use of a protective obturator (splint) will improve the protection of tissues at the cleft site and whether intubation will be facilitated in pediatric patients with orofacial clefts with congenital atypical anatomical conditions in the oral cavity.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 120
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Michaela Richtorvá, MD.; Phone Number: 00420 532234693; Email: richtrova.michaela@fnbrno.cz
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Olga Košková, MD., Ph.D.; Phone Number: 00420 532234790; Email: koskova.olga@fnbrno.cz

Study Locations

• Czechia
  • Jihomoravská Kraj
    • Brno, Jihomoravská Kraj, Czechia, 62500
      • Recruiting
      • University Hospital Brno
      • Contact: Petr Štourač, doc.MD.Ph.D; Phone Number: 00420 532234404; Email: stourac.petr@fnbrno.cz

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: No older than 2 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pediatric patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and alveolus (U/BCLA) or unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (total cleft; U/BCLAP) who underwent primary lip reconstruction within 0-3 months of age (most often at our workplace in the neonatal period)
• Pediatric patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP) and patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate (U/BCLAP) who underwent primary cleft reconstruction between 6 and 18 months of age.

Exclusion Criteria:

• unilateral or bilateral cleft lip without cleft alveolus
• patients with genetically confirmed syndrome disability
• orofacial cleft patients with associated congenital malformations that may affect the course of anesthesia (atresia of the choanae)
• patients with atypical clefts of the face
• patients with CLA, CLAP, ICP who underwent primary cleft lip reconstruction later than at 3 months of age
• patients with CLAP and ICP who underwent primary cleft reconstruction later than at 18 months of age
• patients with submucous cleft palate
• patients with airways secured preoperatively
• patients on artificial lung ventilation
• patients with coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia/thrombocytopathy
• patients at risk of malignant hyperthermia
• patients for whom the consent of legal representatives to the research project has not been obtained

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: intervention group (3D protective obturator); Patients enrolled in the intervention group will have an intraoral scan of the palate, alveolar arch, and upper vestibular area before surgery. Based on this 3D visualization of precise anatomical conditions in the oral cavity, a form (negative unique impression of the upper jaw and palato-alveolar conditions) for casting of a protective obturator (splint), used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate will be created on a 3D printer, in cooperation with the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (Department of Mechanics of Bodies, Mechatronics and Biomechanics) of Brno University of Technology. For the production of the obturator, a silicone certified for use in the oral cavity will be used.	Device: 3D obturator; Based on this 3D visualization of precise anatomical conditions in the oral cavity, a form (negative unique impression of the upper jaw and palato-alveolar conditions) for casting of a protective obturator (splint), used during intubation to cover the defect of the alveolar arch and palate will be created on a 3D printer; Other Names: 3D printer obturator
No Intervention: control group; The standard procedure without the 3D obturator.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Degree of oral tissue injury during intubation	specifically presence of petechiae, bleeding or soft tissue swelling after intubation in the entire cleft defect area, possibly premaxilla fracture in total cleft patients as a result of manipulation of the laryngoscope in the oral cavity	Intraoperatively (after successful intubation)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Cormack-Lehane score	evaluation of the laryngoscopic image during intubation evaluated by the Cormack-Lehane score with or without the use of the protective tray. Cormack-Lehane scale range from 1 (ideal view - vocal cords) to 4 (the worst view of aditus laryngis, only the soft palate visible). For proper archiving of the intubation process, a photodocumentation of the laryngoscopic image during intubation will be taken for each patient using a video laryngoscope.	Intraoperatively (during intubation)

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of intubations attempts	The number of intubation attempts to secure the airways (first successful intubation = first wave of end-tidal CO2) with and without the use of the protective tray will be evaluated	Intraoperatively
Incidence of associated complications	The incidence of associated complications during induction of anesthesia - laryngospasm, bradycardia, severe desaturation < 80 % oxygen saturation oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry pulse oximetry - SpO2 will be assessed	Intraoperatively

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Brno University Hospital
• Collaborators: Masaryk University; Brno University of Technology

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2021
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): December 31, 2024
• Study Completion (Anticipated): January 1, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 5, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 5, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): June 9, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 20, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 7, 2022
• Last Verified: January 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Airway; Paediatric; 3D print; Cleft surgery
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Congenital Abnormalities; Stomatognathic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Lip Diseases; Mouth Abnormalities; Stomatognathic System Abnormalities; Cleft Lip
• Other Study ID Numbers: 3D Obturator

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Undecided

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No