Ball Exercises and Stereotypic Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder

July 29, 2025 updated by: Dr Izza Ayub; PT, University of Faisalabad

Effectiveness of Ball Exercises on the Stereotypic Behavior of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-behavioral disorder associated with repetitive movements. The role of physical therapist towards an autistic child is most neglected one. Therefore, the objective of this study was to see the effectiveness of different ball exercise on stereotypic behavior of children with ASD. Different ball exercises were implemented for 2 months, 3 sessions per week and every session consist of 35 minutes.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

30

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Pakistan
    • Punjab
      • Faisalābad, Punjab, Pakistan, 38000
        • The University of Faisalabad

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

4 years to 16 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Children diagnosed with ASD through experts
  • Having recognized stereotypic behavior
  • Having Intellectual Deficit (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
  • Age ranging between 4-16 years
  • Consented to take part

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Having co-morbidities like schizophrenia and developmental delays
  • Severe cases of ASD
  • Showing aggressive behavior
  • Having disease of cardiovascular or respiratory system
  • Children unable to follow the command for exercise completely

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Exercise Group
Five different ball exercises were implemented for 35 minutes, 3 sessions per week for 2 months.
Procedure: Ball Exercises
Different ball exercises which include stability ball roll, stability ball hug, catching, throwing was performed. Along with these exercises, ball tapping exercise was also performed.
No Intervention: Control Group
No exercises were performed in control group

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Stereotypic Behaviors
Time Frame: Two months
Stereotypic behavior was the sole parameter assessed in this study using the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R), a well-established instrument known for its strong reliability and validity. The RBS-R was employed to evaluate self-stimulatory behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This 43-item questionnaire is organized into six distinct subscales, each targeting a specific dimension of repetitive behavior.
Two months

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

University of Faisalabad

Investigators

  • Study Director: Dr Sidra Majeed; PT, The University of Faisalabad

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

February 9, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

May 20, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

May 28, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

September 6, 2021

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 9, 2021

First Posted (Actual)

September 16, 2021

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

August 3, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 29, 2025

Last Verified

July 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • TUF/DR/DPT/157

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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