Shoulder Injury Rate and Risk Among CrossFit Participants in Greece. Εfficacy of an Innovative Prevention Program.

Shoulder Injury Rate and Risk Among CrossFit Participants in Greece, and the Efficacy of a Sport-specific Warm-up Program in Shoulder Injuries Incidence.

CrossFit is a modern sport, introduced to the public in 2000 and popular quickly with more than 15,000 affiliates worldwide. Due to the highly demanding nature of the workouts, it is claimed to be a sport with a high prevalence of injuries. Most preliminary retrospective studies had shown that shoulder area is injured most frequently, at about a quarter of all injuries. Therefore, the initial goal of this observational (prospective cohort) study is to learn about the incidence rates of shoulder injuries and potential risk factors in a Greek population of CrossFit participants. Based on these results, this study's ultimate purpose is to create a short warm-up program capable of reducing shoulder injuries and evaluate its effectiveness.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Are shoulder injuries as frequent as previous studies have shown to be?
• Can we blame for these injuries a previous history of musculoskeletal injury or deficits of range of motion, strength, and muscular endurance?
• Can a short warm up which targets revealed deficiencies be effective in reducing shoulder injuries incidence rates?

Participants will be asked to:

• take part in baseline measurements (personal data, previous musculoskeletal history, shoulder and core range of motion, shoulder and hip muscle strength, shoulder stabilizers endurance, functional assessment sport-specific tests)
• be monitored for new shoulder injuries or aggravation of old shoulder injuries that will occur during 9 months following baseline measurements. In this case, they must refer it to their coaches to be contacted and assessed by the researcher.
• follow the warm up which will be created by the researcher 3 times per week for 8 to 10 weeks.

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Shoulder Injuries; Risk Factors; Sports Injury; Injury Prevention

Detailed Description

CrossFit is prescribed as "a constantly varied, high-intensity, functional movement". It is a highly motivational way of training including a wide variety of different exercises modalities, including calisthenics, gymnastics, metabolic conditioning, and weightlifting, which includes both Olympic and powerlifting movements. This training model has been demonstrated to improve 10 physical skills: cardiovascular and respiratory endurance, stamina, strength, flexibility, power, speed, coordination, agility, balance, and accuracy. Its popularity has increased in recent years with more than 200,000 athletes competing worldwide and many more participants of a lower level. These characteristics led to concerns about CrossFit's safety, accordingly many researchers began to investigate whether the injury incidence rates are higher than other sports with retrospective studies, which were conducted via online questionnaires. The purpose of this prospective cohort study is to investigate shoulder injury rate among CrossFit participants in Greece and to design and examine the efficacy of a sport-specific injury prevention program in these kinds of injuries.

One hundred and eleven CrossFit participants will be surveyed. After reading and signing informed consent form, they will be interviewed for personal data, previous injuries history and general health. Shoulders and core range of motion, shoulders and hips muscle strength, shoulder stabilizers endurance will be measured with valid and reliable instruments. Also, functional assessment will be carry out using a novel instrument which has been developed in previous stage via a pilot study. CrossFit Screening Tool had been designed as a functional assessment instrument and applied as a pilot study to 20 CrossFit athletes. Based on the results, we have selected the functional tasks which will implement the baseline measurements process.

The sample will be monitored for any shoulder injuries by the researcher for the following 9 months. When an injury occurs, the researcher will contact the athlete, assess him using special questionnaires and clinical examination, including valid and reliable special clinical tests. She will document the kind of injury and give him or her rehabilitation and return-to-sport guidelines.

Baseline data of the participants who experienced injury will be correlated using specific statistical analysis methods to disclose the aetiologic parameters. According to the results, at the next stage, a short warm up program, which will not affect daily training procedures, will be created, and used by the sample 3 times per week. After the first 10 weeks of use, injuries will be tracked again in the same way. Researchers of this study hypothesize that this program will decrease shoulder injuries incidence.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 111

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Greece
  • Peloponnese
    • Patra, Peloponnese, Greece, 26504
      • University of Patras

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

150 (anticipated) healthy individuals who participate in CrossFit. They are training in Crossfit affiliated boxes located at 4 different towns in Greece.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy adults CrossFit participants of any level of experience
• Novices who have already completed the trial workouts

Exclusion Criteria:

• Injured CrossFit participants who have not yet returned to ordinary training

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Healthy CrossFit participants and athletes; No intervention. The group will be monitored for incidence data of shoulder injuries (new or aggravated pre-existing)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
BMI	Weight (kg) and Height (cm) data will be collected to report BMI in kg/m^2	Baseline assessment
Demographic, general history and shoulder injuries history, activity and experience level	Participant profile will be formed using an especially designed questionnaire, data will be collected regarding the age, upper limb dominance, months of experience, training volume in hours per week, level of competition, warm up and recovery routines adequacy, details of previous injuries and current situation of shoulder functionality.	Baseline assessment
Core rotation active range of motion	Right and left core rotation will be measured in degrees utilizing a digital goniometer (HALO digital goniometer, HALO Medical Devices) which has affixed on an aluminum stick. Participant will be holding the stick by hands at the level of scapulas spines and starting rotate his or her core to right and then left direction.	Baseline assessment
Shoulder active range of motion symmetries	Comparative measurements among shoulders. In an upright position, knees forward and flexed as far as it will be needed in order back and lower back to be attached on the wall, participant will move his/her shoulders toward flexion while maintaining the initial position on the wall. When movement will reach the end point of the available range of motion, the researcher will measure the distances between each wrist and the wall using a measuring tape. The distance may be symmetrical otherwise the shoulder of the upper limb with the bigger distance will be documented as deficient. Same procedure in the same body position will be followed for external and internal rotation of the shoulders but movements will be performed with 90 degrees of shoulder abduction and 90 degrees of elbow flexion.	Baseline assessment
Shoulder stabilizers muscle strength	Maximal strength of each shoulder external and internal rotators will be measured in kilograms of resistance utilizing a handheld digital dynamometer, K-Force Muscle Controller, via K-Force Pro application reporting (Kinvent, Montpellier, France)	Baseline assessment
Lateral differences in muscle strength between shoulders	The percentage of lateral differences in maximal strength of internal and external rotation between shoulders will be measured utilizing a handheld digital dynamometer, K-Force Muscle Controller, via K-Force Pro application reporting (Kinvent, Montpellier, France)	Baseline assessment
Hip abductors muscle strength	Maximal strength of each hip abductors muscles will be measured in kilograms of resistance with the use of a handheld digital dynamometer, K-Force Muscle Controller, via K-Force application reporting (Kinvent, Montpellier, France)	Baseline assessment
Lateral differences in hip abductors strength	The percentage of lateral differences in maximal strength of abduction between hips will be measured utilizing a handheld digital dynamometer, K-Force Muscle Controller, via K-Force Pro application reporting (Kinvent, Montpellier, France)	Baseline assessment
Muscular endurance of shoulder external rotators	Using the aforementioned dynamometer application, participants will be asked to do 3 sets of 30 seconds isometric hold at the 60% of the maximal previously produced strength by external rotators muscles (outcome 5). 5 seconds rest between sets will be used. The percentage of the time, on which participants can produce the requested amount of power, will be recorded. This measurement will reflect the endurance capability of this muscle group for each shoulder. Measurement data will be collected using a handheld digital dynamometer, K-Force Muscle Controller, via K-Force Pro application reporting (Kinvent, Montpellier, France).	Baseline assessment
Lateral differences in shoulder external rotators endurance	The percentage of lateral differences in external rotation isometric hold between right and left side will be exported from K-Force Pro application reporting.	Baseline assessment
Shoulder stability	Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES) will be performed to evaluate shoulder stability.	Baseline assessment
CrossFit-specific functional parameters (flexibility, stability, power) using an innovative evaluation tool: CrossFit Functional Assessment Battery for Shoulder (CrossFit FABS)	Flexibility, stability and power will be evaluated using an innovative assessment tool which was developed especially for the purpose of the present research. CrossFit FABS (Functional Assessment Battery for Shoulder) is a CrossFit-specific, functional evaluation battery in regard to shoulder injury risks. It is composed of 6 tests which resulted from a wider tool through applied pilot research: deep air squat, shoulder mobility, upper frontal kinetic chain flexibility, overhead squat facing wall, windmill with kettlebell and sots press. Each test is scored from 0 to 3, using a 3-point scoring scale with a maximum total score of 18 points.	Baseline assessment
Shoulder injury incidents	Any new or aggravated pre-existing shoulder injury that will be responsible for at least 1-day training or game loss or training modification to avoid specific high-impact exercises will be recorded. Also, the whole progression of the recovery until return-to-sport will be monitored.	Up to 12 months
Shoulder injury characteristics	Injury profile will be formed using an especially designed objective and subjective assessment questionnaire, including present injury history, correlation with performed exercise, symptoms, observation abnormalities and special diagnostic tests for shoulder pain (clinical assessment). Exact kind of injury will be determined by the researcher.	Up to 12 months
Disability of injured participants	A self-reported questionnaire for shoulder, the SDQ (Shoulder Disability Questionnaire), will be filled by injured participants via interview method by the researcher.	Up to 12 months
Pain intensity of injured participants	VAS pain scale will be used to determine shoulder pain intensity in injured participants.	Up to 12 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Shoulder injury risk factors	Analyzing data of the injured participants will reveal possible risk factors for shoulder injuries.	at 1,5 year
Development of a warm up prevention program	A short sport-specific prevention program will be developed according to preliminary study results.	2nd year
Efficacy of the CrossFit specific prevention program for shoulder injuries	Application of the program to a sample of CrossFit participants, anticipating proportionally fewer shoulder injury incidents	3rd year

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Patras

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Angel Rodriguez M, Garcia-Calleja P, Terrados N, Crespo I, Del Valle M, Olmedillas H. Injury in CrossFit(R): A Systematic Review of Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Phys Sportsmed. 2022 Feb;50(1):3-10. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1864675. Epub 2021 Jan 7.
• Schwank A, Blazey P, Asker M, Moller M, Hagglund M, Gard S, Skazalski C, Haugsbo Andersson S, Horsley I, Whiteley R, Cools AM, Bizzini M, Ardern CL. 2022 Bern Consensus Statement on Shoulder Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport for Athletes at All Participation Levels. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2022 Jan;52(1):11-28. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10952.
• Asker M, Brooke HL, Walden M, Tranaeus U, Johansson F, Skillgate E, Holm LW. Risk factors for, and prevention of, shoulder injuries in overhead sports: a systematic review with best-evidence synthesis. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Oct;52(20):1312-1319. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098254. Epub 2018 Mar 26.
• Silva ER, Maffulli N, Migliorini F, Santos GM, de Menezes FS, Okubo R. Function, strength, and muscle activation of the shoulder complex in Crossfit practitioners with and without pain: a cross-sectional observational study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13018-022-02915-x.
• Torres-Banduc MA, Jerez-Mayorga D, Moran J, Keogh JWL, Ramirez-Campillo R. Isokinetic force-power profile of the shoulder joint in males participating in CrossFit training and competing at different levels. PeerJ. 2021 Sep 17;9:e11643. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11643. eCollection 2021.
• Montalvo AM, Shaefer H, Rodriguez B, Li T, Epnere K, Myer GD. Retrospective Injury Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Injury in CrossFit. J Sports Sci Med. 2017 Mar 1;16(1):53-59. eCollection 2017 Mar.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 24, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 12, 2023
• Study Completion (Estimated): July 31, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 1, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 11, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): June 18, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): December 19, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 18, 2023
• Last Verified: December 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Injury Prevention; Risk Factors; Sports Injury; Shoulder Injuries
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Wounds and Injuries; Shoulder Injuries; Athletic Injuries
• Other Study ID Numbers: 14279

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No