Laser Therapy Versus Neuromuscular Electrical Nerve Stimulation at Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain

Comparison of Laser Therapy Versus Neuromuscular Electrical Nerve Stimulation at Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain and Upper Extremity Functions

This study aimed to investigate whether laser and neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation applied in addition to conventional physical therapy exercises in hemiplegic shoulder pain seen in patients with stroke provides an additional contribution to pain, range of motion, spasticity, upper extremity functions and whether the two treatment types are superior to each other.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Laser therapy; Other: Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation; Other: Control

Detailed Description

Cerebrovascular events, which are estimated to affect approximately 9 million people worldwide, have emerged as a serious cause of morbidity and mortality due to prolonged human lifespan. With the use of effective treatment methods in acute treatment, the level of expectation regarding prognosis has increased. Secondary complications that develop after stroke are frequently encountered. These complications cause serious disruptions in the rehabilitation process. The upper extremity is affected more frequently than the lower extremity and recovery is more difficult and slower. Most of the functional impairments related to the upper extremity are shoulder problems. The most important reason is impaired shoulder biomechanics. Pain may occur in the first 2 weeks after stroke or typically occurs 1 to 3 months after stroke. Pain in the hemiplegic shoulder significantly reduces patients' function and rehabilitation capacity. Reducing pain with effective methods applied for pain increases participation in rehabilitation and increases the range of motion measurements and functional capacity.

There are many physical therapy approaches in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain. Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is one of these treatment approaches and briefly means intensified light. Laser principles are based on the quantum concept introduced by Einstein in 1927. Theodore Maiman developed the first laser device in 1960. According to the basic working principle of laser devices; the photon energy emitted from a light source is passed through a specific medium and it is thought to be effective in reducing pain in the tissue, increasing the range of motion, and improving upper extremity functions. As a result of all these mechanisms of action, laser beams are used in medicine to utilize their regenerative, biostimulating, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-edematous effects. These laser methods have been previously studied in knee osteoarthritis and shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Laser has also been investigated in hemiplegia.

Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation (NMES) produces muscle contractions using electrical pulses. These electrical pulses are delivered to the current muscles through superficial electrodes. The action potential from the central nervous system is mimicked with NMES and contraction is produced in the muscle.

There is no study in the literature comparing laser and neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation in the hemiplegic shoulder.

This study aimed to investigate whether laser and neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation applied in addition to conventional physical therapy exercises in hemiplegic shoulder pain seen in patients with stroke provides an additional contribution to pain, range of motion, spasticity, upper extremity functions and whether the two treatment types are superior to each other. In this prospective randomized controlled study, 75 stroke patients aged 18-85 years with shoulder pain who were diagnosed with ischemic stroke for the first time and who applied to the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic between December 2023 and May 2024 were included in the study. The patients included in the study were divided into 3 groups by the same physiotherapist by envelope drawing method. Due to the nature of the study, the physiotherapist administering the treatment was aware of the groups of the patients. On the other hand, all evaluations were performed by the same researcher who was blinded to the type of treatment. All patients underwent a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program 5 days a week for 4 weeks for a total of 20 sessions. Classical physical therapy exercises were applied according to the patient's needs and neurologic level. These exercises are determined by the physiotherapist according to the functional status of the patient and consist of passive, passive assisted, active range of motion exercises, stretching and strengthening exercises, mobilization exercises. 1st group laser group (n:25) received laser for 5 minutes a day 3 days a week in addition to classical physical therapy, 2nd group ES group (n:25) received Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation for 20 minutes a day 5 days a week in addition to classical physical therapy. 3. Group, control group (n:25), classical physical therapy exercises were applied.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 75
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Corum, Turkey, 19040
    • Hitit university

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria

• diagnosed with unilateral ischemic stroke for the first time
• 18-85 years old,
• patients with shoulder pain

Exclusion Criteria:

• another disease that will affect the central nervous system
• injections or physical therapy to the same shoulder in the last 3 months,
• history of shoulder surgery,
• cervical radiculopathy,
• inflammatory rheumatic disease or infection,
• serious cardiovascular disease such as heart failure, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction that will affect functional status,
• disease that will cause cognitive dysfunction,
• Alzheimer's disease, dementia,
• severe visual loss,
• pregnancy and lactation,
• malignancy,
• psychiatric diseases

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Laser therapy Group; Classical physical therapy exercises were applied according to the patient's needs and neurologic level. These exercises are determined by the physiotherapist according to the functional status of the patient and consist of passive, passive assisted, active range of motion exercises, stretching and strengthening exercises, mobilization exercises. Group 1 Laser therapy group (n:25) in addition to classical physical therapy, laser was applied to the shoulder group muscles for 5 minutes a day, 3 days a week for 4 weeks.	Other: Laser therapy; Shoulder girdle muscles were lasered for 5 minutes a day, 3 days a week, total of 4 weeks.
Active Comparator: Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation Group; Classical physical therapy exercises were applied according to the patient's needs and neurologic level. These exercises are determined by the physiotherapist according to the functional status of the patient and consist of passive, passive assisted, active range of motion exercises, stretching and strengthening exercises, mobilization exercises. In Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation group, in addition to these exercises, Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation was applied to the shoulder flexor and abductor muscle groups for 20 minutes a day, 5 days a week for a total of 4 weeks.	Other: Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation; Neuromuscular electrical nerve stimulation was applied to the shoulder flexor and abductor muscles for 20 minutes a day 5 days a week, total of 4 weeks.
Active Comparator: Control Group; Classical physical therapy exercises were applied according to the patient's needs and neurologic level. These exercises are determined by the physiotherapist according to the functional status of the patient and consist of passive, passive assisted, active range of motion exercises, stretching and strengthening exercises, mobilization exercises.	Other: Control; Classical physical therapy exercises were applied according to the patient's needs and neurologic level. These exercises are determined by the physiotherapist according to the functional status of the patient and consist of passive, passive assisted, active range of motion exercises, stretching and strengthening exercises, mobilization exercises 5 days a week for 1 hour, total of 4 weeks.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain Level	The pain level of the patients will be measured with a scale given to the patient; visual pain scale. Patients rate their pain on a scale of 0-10. It consists of scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most severe pain). Higher scores indicate more severe pain.	baseline and through study completion, an average of 4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
upper extremity functions	upper extremity functions were evaluated with Fugl-Meyer. Fugl-Meyer is a stroke-specific performance-based scale, fully filled by the same investigator, each parameter is scored between 0-2. The total score is between 0 to 100. 0: unsuccessful, 1: partially successful, 2: completely successful performance. A higher score indicates better performance	baseline and through study completion, an average of 4 weeks
Disability	he Shoulder Pain and Disability Index is a patient-completed scale consisting of 5 items on pain and 8 items on disability. Each item is marked by the patient on a 0-10 cm scale. High scores indicate high pain and disability.	baseline and through study completion, an average of 4 weeks
Daily living activities	Barthel index It is filled out after the examination by the same investigator to evaluate the activities of daily living of the patients. Turkish version of the scale has been adapted. The Barthel index consists of 10 items related to activities of daily living and mobility. Nutrition, transition from wheelchair to bed and back, self-care, bathing, walking, climbing up and down stairs, dressing, bladder and bowel continence are evaluated. The items can be divided into two parts related to self-care and mobility. A scoring is based on whether the person is assisted in performing these tasks. The highest total score that can be achieved is 100, which means that the individual is completely independent in their physical functioning. The lowest score is 0, indicating that the individual is completely dependent	baseline and through study completion, an average of 4 weeks
Spasticity	The Modified Ashworth Scale, the most widely used scale for tonus assessment, was used to evaluate spasticity. In this scale, muscle tone is evaluated between 0 normal and 4 being rigid. In our study, spasticity in shoulder adductors and internal rotators, forearm flexors, wrist flexors and finger flexors were recorded by the same investigator.	baseline and through study completion, an average of 4 weeks
Recovery Stage	Brunnstrom Recovery Stage is a 6-step scale that includes movement patterns with progressively increasing recovery evaluated separately for upper extremity, hand and lower extremity. 0: no movement, 6: full movement. Higher values indicate better motor recovery and were recorded by the same investigator.	baseline and through study completion, an average of 4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Hitit University
• Investigators: Study Chair: MUSTAFA KESER, Ass Prof, HİTİT UNİVERSİTY EROL OLÇOK RESEARCH HOSPİTAL

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 26, 2023
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 17, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): May 17, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 17, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 22, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): May 24, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 24, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 22, 2024
• Last Verified: May 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: laser; hemiplegic shoulder pain; electrical nerve stimulation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Joint Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Arthralgia; Shoulder Pain
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2023-174

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No