ENhanced Recovery and ABbreviated LEngth of Anticoagulation for Thromboprophylaxis After Primary Hip Arthroplasty (ENABLE-Hip)

Surgical hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty, THA) is associated with a high risk of venous thromboembolism, but the appropriate duration of postoperative medical thromboprophylaxis ("anticoagulation") remains highly controversial. The international randomized controlled trial (RCT) "ENhanced recovery and ABbreviated LEngth of Anticoagulation for Thromboprophylaxis after primary Hip Arthroplasty" (ENABLE-Hip) will enroll patients undergoing elective THA that are eligible for early mobilization after surgery. The trial will compare a regimen of short-duration (10-day) postoperative anticoagulation (experimental group) to standard-duration (35-day) postoperative anticoagulation (control group) using the direct oral anticoagulant Rivaroxaban (brand name: Xarelto) at the recommended dose. Thus, ENABLE-Hip will be the first major RCT to directly test an overall reduction in the duration of post-THA thromboprophylaxis instead of replacing one antithrombotic drug or regimen by another. Follow-up visits after hospital discharge will be on day 35 and on day 90 after surgery. The primary outcome is acute symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis, or symptomatic or fatal pulmonary embolism, within 90 days after surgery. If ENABLE-Hip will demonstrate 'non-inferiority' of the experimental intervention, its benefits will be obvious, as patients are spared many days of unnecessary (and potentially harmful in terms of bleeding risk) anticoagulation.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism; Hip Arthroplasty, Total
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Placebo Oral Tablet; Drug: Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism

Detailed Description

An increasing proportion of the ageing population in Europe and other parts of the world suffers from hip osteoarthritis and will need surgical joint arthroplasty at some time in their lives. Surgical total hip arthroplasty (THA) is associated with a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the appropriate duration of postoperative anticoagulation remains highly controversial. Although current German guidelines continue to advocate anticoagulation for 28-35 days after THA, clinical practice recommendations in other countries are shifting towards much earlier discontinuation of anticoagulants - despite the absence of solid evidence backed by controlled data. The "Enhanced recovery and Abbreviated duration of Anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis after primary hip Arthroplasty" (ENABLE-Hip) study is a multicentre investigator-initiated and academically sponsored prospective randomised active-control non-inferiority trial. A regimen of short-duration (10-day) prophylactic anticoagulation (experimental arm) will be compared to standard-duration (35-day) anticoagulation as per current guidelines (control arm). Patients will be mobilised early after surgery, following a standardised enhanced recovery protocol. Following randomisation and an initial two-day open-label period of prophylactic anticoagulation as per local protocol, treatment with the study drug (rivaroxaban at the standard, approved prophylactic dose of 10 mg daily) will be started and continued until 10 days after surgery. After this time, patients will be switched (in a double-blinded manner) to placebo in the experimental arm, or continue on active drug in the control arm, until a total of 35 days have elapsed since surgery. The primary outcome is acute symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or symptomatic or fatal pulmonary embolism (PE), within the first 3 months after surgery. Participating investigators will be advised to adhere to guideline recommendations regarding clinical suspicion of and diagnostic work-up for VTE. The planned study population of 2,932 patients will provide ≥ 80% power to reject the null hypothesis that δ ≥ 0.01 (where δ = difference between the two arms in symptomatic VTE probability within 3 months) and accept the alternative hypothesis that δ < 0.01, at an overall significance level α = 0.05. A formal interim analysis will be performed after 3-month follow-up of the first 1,760 randomised patients at a significance level α = 0.50, leading to stopping for futility if significance is not obtained, or if recalculation yields an overall sample size of > 3,200 patients. The trial has the potential to inform future national and European guidelines for this large and continuously growing patient population.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 2932
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Nadine Martin, Dr.; Phone Number: +496131178376; Email: nadine.martin@unimedizin-mainz.de
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Susanne Fischer, M.Sc.; Phone Number: +496131178382; Email: susanne.fischer@unimedizin-mainz.de

Study Locations

• Austria
  • Upper Austria
    • Linz, Upper Austria, Austria, 4020
      • Recruiting
      • Kepler University Medical Center, Orthopedics and Traumatology
      • Principal Investigator: Tobias Gotterbarm, Professor
      • Contact: Viktoria Sperrer, MSc; Phone Number: +43 5 7680 83 78618; Email: viktoria.sperrer@kepleruniklinikum.at
      • Contact: Christian Stadler, MD; Phone Number: +43 5 7680 83 73303; Email: christian.stadler@kepleruniklinikum.at
• Germany
  • Berlin, Germany, 13589
    • Recruiting
    • Evangelical Forest Hospital Berlin - Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery
    • Contact: Ulrich Nöth, Professor; Phone Number: +49 30 3702-1002; Email: Ulrich.Noeth@jsd.de
    • Principal Investigator: Ulrich Nöth, Professor
  • Brandenburg
    • Kremmen, Brandenburg, Germany, 16766
      • Recruiting
      • Sana Clinics Sommerfeld, Dpt. for Surgical Orthopaedics
      • Contact: Andreas Halder, Professor; Phone Number: +4933055 5-2201; Email: Andreas.Halder@sana-hu.de
      • Principal Investigator: Andreas Halder, Professor
  • Hesse
    • Rüsselsheim, Hesse, Germany, 65428
      • Recruiting
      • GPR Rüsselsheim Health and Care Center
      • Contact: Manfred Krieger, MD; Phone Number: +496142 95630; Email: krieger@gpr-mvz.de
      • Principal Investigator: Manfred Krieger, MD
      • Contact: Stephanie Uhl; Phone Number: +496142-882333; Email: uhl@gp-ruesselsheim.de
  • Rhineland-Palatine
    • Mainz, Rhineland-Palatine, Germany, 55131
      • Recruiting
      • University Medical Center Mainz, Center for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery
      • Principal Investigator: Philipp Drees, Professor
      • Contact: Valentina Nichelmann; Phone Number: +496131177198; Email: valtentina.nichelmann@unimedizin-mainz.de
      • Contact: Yama Afghanyar, MD; Phone Number: +49 6131 172845; Email: yama.afghanyar@unimedizin-mainz.de
      • Sub-Investigator: Thomas Klonschinski, MD
  • Saxony
    • Dresden, Saxony, Germany, 01307
      • Recruiting
      • University Medical Center Dresden, University Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery
      • Principal Investigator: Jens Goronzy, MD
      • Contact: Cornelia Lützner, Dr. rer. medic.; Phone Number: +49 (0)351 458-13747; Email: cornelia.luetzner@ukdd.de
      • Contact: Anne Schützer; Phone Number: +49 351 458 18610; Email: anne.schuetzer@ukdd.de

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Written informed consent
2. Age between 18 and 85 years
3. Scheduled to undergo elective unilateral primary THA and eligible for perioperative management based on the ERAS protocol
4. Baseline Timed Up and Go (TUG) test scoring < 20 seconds, corresponding to a good mobility status before surgery
5. Capability to understand and comply with the protocol requirements (e.g., sufficient knowledge of German language to answer the questionnaires, ability to swallow intact capsules).

6. Pregnancy and contraception:

   1. Pregnancy test: Negative serum pregnancy test at screening for women of childbearing potential (WOCBP).
   2. Contraception: WOCBP and men who are able to father a child, willing to be abstinent or use highly effective methods of birth control that result in a low failure rate of less than 1% per year when used consistently and correctly beginning at informed consent, for the duration of drug treatment and allowing for a safe wash out period of at least 5 days for female or for male subjects after the last dose of trial medication. This is a very conservative estimate, considering the 'worst case scenario' of a substantially prolonged half-life up to 13 hours (e.g., in older patients and/or those with renal dysfunction) (28), and calculating for at least 8 half-lives to ensure practically non-detectable levels and effects of rivaroxaban.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous DVT or PE
2. Hip or lower limb fracture in the previous three months
3. Major surgical procedure within the previous three months
4. Active cancer defined as metastatic cancer, or cancer requiring chemotherapy or radiation therapy
5. Active peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, or prior gastrointestinal bleeding
6. Obesity with body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 body surface area
7. Severe renal impairment defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30ml/min
8. Severe hepatic impairment defined as Child Pugh Class B or C
9. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness (i.e., active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina pectoris, interstitial lung disease, serious gastrointestinal conditions [e.g., diarrhea, malabsorption], psychiatric illness)
10. Active or recent major bleeding at any site, or presence of any major risk factor for bleeding, which, in the judgment of the investigator, may significantly increase the bleeding risk during postoperative anticoagulation treatment
11. Any other medical condition representing a contraindication to discharge within 6 days after surgery
12. Expected requirement for major surgery within a 90-day period post THA
13. Need for long-term anticoagulation (e.g., atrial fibrillation, previous VTE)
14. Need for chronic antiplatelet therapy except for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at a dose ≤ 100 mg daily or clopidogrel 75 mg daily
15. Previous participation in this trial
16. Life expectancy < 6 months
17. Participation in another interventional clinical trial within the last 30 days prior to inclusion, unless during the observational follow-up period
18. History of hypersensitivity to the investigational medicinal product (IMP) or to any drug with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form of the IMP

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Abbreviated lenght of thromboprophylaxis; Rivaroxaban from day 3-10; Placebo from day 11-35 after surgery	Drug: Placebo Oral Tablet; Placebo; Drug: Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism; Direct oral anticoagulant; Other Names: Rivaroxaban; Xarelto; DOAC; anticoag; Direct oral anticoagulant
Active Comparator: Standard of care; Rivaroxaban from day 3-35 after surgery	Drug: Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism; Direct oral anticoagulant; Other Names: Rivaroxaban; Xarelto; DOAC; anticoag; Direct oral anticoagulant

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The primary efficacy endpoint is the rate of acute symptomatic or fatal VTE	acute symptomatic or fatal VTE, defined as (i) symptomatic DVT of the popliteal or more proximal leg veins (femoral or iliac veins) or inferior vena cava; or (ii) symptomatic (segmental or more proximal) or fatal PE, occurring in the first 90 days after surgery and confirmed by objective testing.	within 90 days after surgery

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Length of hospital stay	duration of inpatient stay	within 90 days after surgery
Changes in patient-reported hip joint-specific disability	assessment is made following surgery measured by the HOOS-12 score	within 90 days after surgery
Rate of clinically relevant non-major bleedings	it does not meet the criteria for major bleeding, but results in hospitalization, aspiration of a wound, or a wound hematoma complicated by infection.	within 90 days after surgery
Rate of death from any cause	rate of death from any cause	within 90 days after surgery
Rate of isolated symptomatic distal DVT	rate of symptomatic distal DVT	within 90 days after surgery
Rate of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke	rate of MI or stroke	within 90 days after surgery
Rate of readmission to the hospital	rate of readmissions to the hospital	within 90 days after surgery
Number and terms of serious adverse events (SAEs)	number of SAEs during study duration	within 90 days after surgery
Change in patient mobility	measured by Range of motion (ROM) and Timed up and Go (TUG) score	within 90 days after surgery
Amount of postoperative healthcare resource utilization	visits to health care providers and rehospitalization, employment status	within 35 days after surgery
Rate of major bleedings	fulfils at least one of the following criteria: (i) fatal (ii) bleeding into a critical area or organ (iii) surgical site bleeding that causes hemodynamic instability (iv) non-surgical site bleeding causing a fall in hemoglobin level of ≥ 20 g L-1, or leading to transfusion of ≥ 2 units of whole blood or red blood cells (v) surgical site bleeding that requires a second intervention (open, arthroscopic, endovascular), or hemarthron of sufficient size to delay mobilization or wound healing	within 90 days after surgery
Generic quality of life measured by EQ-5D-5L	The EQ-5D is not an abbreviation and is the correct term to use in print or verbally. EQ-5D-5L consists of 2 parts: descriptive system consists of 5 dimensions with 5 levels each. A score of 5 at a minimum means best health state; a score of 25 at a maximum means worst health state.; EQ VAS: a scale from 0 (worst health state) to 100 (best health state) is provided. This questionnaire is to be completed by the patient for the current day.	within 90 days after surgery

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Prof. Stavros Konstantinides, MD
• Investigators: Study Chair: Stavros V. Konstantinides, MD, Univ.-Prof., University Medical Center Mainz, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis; Study Chair: Philipp Drees, MD, Univ.-Prof., University Medical Center Mainz, Center for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

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• Farmakis IT, Kaier K, Hobohm L, Mohr K, Valerio L, Barco S, Konstantinides SV, Binder H. Healthcare resource utilisation and associated costs after low-risk pulmonary embolism: pre-specified analysis of the Home Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism (HoT-PE) study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2025 Feb;114(2):168-176. doi: 10.1007/s00392-023-02355-5. Epub 2024 Jan 3.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 26, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): March 1, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): July 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 23, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 23, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): September 24, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 15, 2025
• Last Verified: January 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Rivaroxaban; Deep vein thrombosis; Pulmonary embolism; Fast-track surgery; Early mobilization; Enhanced recovery after surgery; Thromboprophylaxis after hip surgery; Abbreviated length of Anticoagulation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Vascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Embolism and Thrombosis; Thromboembolism; Venous Thromboembolism; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Protease Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Antithrombins; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Rivaroxaban; Anticoagulants
• Other Study ID Numbers: 23-01496; 2023-507490-18-00 (Ctis)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No