Otago Exercise Program on Balance, Endurance and Motor Coordination in Pre-school Children

Effect of Otage Exercise Program on Balance, Endurance and Motor Coordination in Pre-school Children.

Balance training is crucial for preschool children's motor development and physical health. Engaging in endurance training enhances their aerobic capacity and fitness, leading to better health and the ability to sustain activities without fatigue. Early endurance development fosters lifelong physical activity habits, preventing childhood obesity and related health issues. Incorporating playful elements makes exercises engaging and age-appropriate. Regular balance training improves dynamic balance, essential for running, jumping, and sports, while reducing the risk of falls and injuries. Motor coordination training, combining balance and endurance, improves complex movement skills and spatial awareness. Adapting the Otago Exercise Program for young children addresses gaps in physical activity interventions, combating inactivity and obesity. This program aims to establish a foundation for lifelong physical activity and health by improving balance, endurance, and motor coordination.

The current study will be randomized control trial; data will be collected from Pre-school of Lahore. The sample size will be 30. Non-probability convenient sampling technique will be used. Inclusion criteria for the study will be both genders, 3-6 years age children and Guardians' informed consent and children were able to collaborate and engage throughout that intervention. Participants with associated orthopedics conditions, underlying genetic disorders and developmental delay will be excluded from the study. One experimental group will perform Otago Exercise Program (Warm-up Exercises and Strengthening Exercises) along balance Training Exercises and the other control group will perform Balance Training exercises (Single-leg stance with eyes open and closed, Standing on heels and toes, Tandem and semi tandem foot stance, Tandem walking, Walking backward and forward and Weight Shifting) Outcomes to be analyzed will be balance, endurance and motor coordination. For 12 weeks, participants in the study will undergo three sessions per week, lasting 40-45 minutes each. Tools used for data collection will be Four-stage balance test, 30 Second chair stand test and Time up and down stairs test, Balance beam test. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.00.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Normal Population
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Otago exercise program; Other: Balance Training Exercises

Detailed Description

Balance training is crucial for preschool children's motor development and physical health. Engaging in endurance training enhances their aerobic capacity and fitness, leading to better health and the ability to sustain activities without fatigue. Early endurance development fosters lifelong physical activity habits, preventing childhood obesity and related health issues. Incorporating playful elements makes exercises engaging and age-appropriate. Regular balance training improves dynamic balance, essential for running, jumping, and sports, while reducing the risk of falls and injuries. Motor coordination training, combining balance and endurance, improves complex movement skills and spatial awareness. Adapting the Otago Exercise Program for young children addresses gaps in physical activity interventions, combating inactivity and obesity. This program aims to establish a foundation for lifelong physical activity and health by improving balance, endurance, and motor coordination.

The current study will be randomized control trial; data will be collected from Pre-school of Lahore. The sample size will be 30. Non-probability convenient sampling technique will be used. Inclusion criteria for the study will be both genders, 3-6 years age children and Guardians' informed consent and children were able to collaborate and engage throughout that intervention. Participants with associated orthopedics conditions, underlying genetic disorders and developmental delay will be excluded from the study. One experimental group will perform Otago Exercise Program (Warm-up Exercises and Strengthening Exercises) along balance Training Exercises and the other control group will perform Balance Training exercises (Single-leg stance with eyes open and closed, Standing on heels and toes, Tandem and semi tandem foot stance, Tandem walking, Walking backward and forward and Weight Shifting) Outcomes to be analyzed will be balance, endurance and motor coordination. For 12 weeks, participants in the study will undergo three sessions per week, lasting 40-45 minutes each. Tools used for data collection will be Four-stage balance test, 30 Second chair stand test and Time up and down stairs test, Balance beam test. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.00

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 30
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: IMRAN AMJAD, PhD; Phone Number: 9233224390125; Email: imran.amjad@riphah.edu.pk
• Study Contact Backup: Name: asif javed, MS-PT; Phone Number: 923224209422; Email: a.javed@riphah.edu.pk

Study Locations

• Pakistan
  • Punjab
    • Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, 54900
      • Recruiting
      • Muhammad Asif Javed
      • Contact: Muhammad Asif Javed, MS-P(Neuro); Phone Number: 923224209422; Email: a.javed@riphah.edu.pk

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Both Genders.
• 3-6 years age
• Guardian's informed consent and, children were able to collaborate and engage throughout the intervention.
• Flamingo test score between 15-30 seconds.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Associated orthopedics conditions.
• Underlying genetic disorders
• Developmental Delay

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental group; Group A will perform the Otago Exercise Program. The training protocol consisted of ten repetitions, with a 60-second rest interval between sets. The training protocol consisted of three sessions per week for 12 weeks.	Other: Otago exercise program; Experimental group: Group A will perform the Otago Exercise Program. The training protocol consisted of ten repetitions, with a 60-second rest interval between sets. The training protocol consisted of three sessions per week for 12 weeks.
Active Comparator: Controlled group; Group B will perform Balance Training Exercises for 12 weeks of three sessions per week. BT included exercises such as a single-leg stance with eyes open and closed, standing on heels or toes, tandem and semi-tandem foot stance, tandem walking, walking backward and forward, and weight shifting.	Other: Balance Training Exercises; Controlled group: Group B will perform Balance Training Exercises for 12 weeks of three sessions per week. BT included exercises such as a single-leg stance with eyes open and closed, standing on heels or toes, tandem and semi-tandem foot stance, tandem walking, walking backward and forward, and weight shifting.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Balance	The Beam Balance Test is an effective assessment for measuring balance and stability, especially in children and older adults. Participants stand on a slightly elevated narrow beam, typically made of wood or metal, and attempt to maintain balance for 30 seconds to 1 minute. This test helps identify balance skills and potential issues.	Baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks and 12 weeks.
Endurance	The purpose of this test is to assess leg strength and endurance. The equipment needed includes a chair with a straight back without arm rests and a stopwatch. During the test, the participant sits in a chair with arms crossed over the chest and feet flat on the floor.	Baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks and 12 weeks.
Coordination	The Time Up and Down Stairs Test measures cardiovascular endurance and mobility by timing how quickly an individual can ascend and descend a set of stairs.	Baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks and 12 weeks.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Riphah International University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Tooba Kaukab, MS-PPT, Riphah International University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Hammami R, Aliani L, Gargallo P, Rebai H, Gene-Morales J, Colado JC. The effects of three types of balance training programs on measures of balance and muscle power in prepubertal children: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport. 2023 Oct 16:S1440-2440(23)00425-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.10.004. Online ahead of print.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): March 15, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): June 8, 2025
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 19, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 19, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 19, 2025
• Last Verified: March 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Balance; Endurance; Otago Exercise Program, Pre-School Children; Motor Coordination; Physical Development
• Other Study ID Numbers: REC/RCR/AHS/25/Tooba Kaukab

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No