Evaluating the Level of Agreement Between Goniometer Measurements and Algorithm to Determine Wall Squat Position

February 5, 2026 updated by: Northumbria University

An Observational Cross-Sectional Comparison to Evaluate the Level of Agreement Between Standard Universal Goniometer Measurements and a Squat Height Calculator Algorithm to Determine Squat Position for Isometric Wall Squat Position.

The wall squat exercise has been used in several research studies to help lower blood pressure. However, setting up the correct squat position often involves using a joint angle-measuring tool called a goniometer to get the knee at exactly the right angle. To set up the wall squat using a goniometer, someone has to stand in position, hold still while their knee angle is measured and adjusted, and then measure how high they should squat. This takes time, can be uncomfortable, and can be difficult to hold steady. This can make it difficult to get accurate measurements, particularly for people who are not used to exercise.

Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore if a squat height calculator (based on leg bone measurements) to work out the squat height agrees with goniometer measurements for specific knee joint angles.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Detailed Description

The isometric wall squat exercise has been used as an intervention in several research studies However, how the protocol is delivered can vary between researchers; for example, participants can be instructed to adjust their foot position to keep lower leg vertical with the wall while lowering onto a squat position; while others use a standard goniometer in conjunction with a spirit level to establish knee joint angle and limb position. Therefore, to ensure study reliability and repeatability a standardised protocol to ensure consistent limb position needs to be established. Traditionally, measurement of joint angles and limb range of movement (ROM) using a standard universal goniometer is deemed gold standard in clinical settings. While the goniometer is portable and relatively inexpensive it has several limitations in terms of practical use. Firstly, both hands are required to align and stabilise the goniometer positioning, and maintaining the alignment during movement can be problematic. Also, the use of a standard universal goniometer requires alignment with specified bony landmarks, some of which are not visually located or palpated with ease and require a good level of underpinning anatomical knowledge. Moreover, the level of accuracy in goniometer alignment can be further reduced when observing intertester measurements. Consequently, challenges with goniometer alignment and stabilisation, alongside intertester variability, may lead to errors in measurement.

Using a standard universal goniometer in combination with a spirit level to establish the isometric wall squat position requires a baseline weight bearing position to be maintained while correct limb positions and knee joint angle are established, and squat height measurements recorded. This may be time consuming, uncomfortable, and difficult to maintain for untrained populations, particularly within the more acute degree angles, leading to difficulties in determining accurate baseline measurements. Therefore, an alternative method to determine squat position would be beneficial for the development and standardisation of the protocol. As linear bone growth typically ceases at ~18 yrs for females, and ~21yrs for males, limb length in the healthy adult population remains relatively consistent. Recent research has explored the use of artificial intelligence algorithms to predict overall height from femoral and tibial bone lengths. Therefore, based on this principle, this study aims to explore if using a squat height calculator algorithm, utilising lower limb bone lengths, agrees with gold standard universal goniometer measurements to ascertain positioning for an isometric wall squat at specific knee joint angles

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

21

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United Kingdom
      • Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 8ST
        • Northumbria University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

A convenience sample recruited from the Tyne and Wear area.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • >21 years
  • Written informed consent provided

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Orthopaedic problems or injury affecting the hip, knee, or ankle joints
  • Inability to stand unaided and hold a static position for >5 minutes

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Wall Squat Position

Participants will have femur and fibula length (cm) measurements taken and complete both protocols unshod.

Protocol 1 - Goniometer Squat Position Protocol A universal standard long arm goniometer will be aligned for knee flexion and held in position using soft velcro straps. A spirit level will establish and maintain vertical alignment of the fibula during the protocol. Participants will assume a 5-stage wall squat position. At each squat stage measurements for squat heigh at width will be recorded.

Protocol 2 - Squat Height Calculator Femur and fibula bone measurements will be entered into the squat height calculator algorithm to determine the the 5-stage squat measurements.

Markers will be placed on a squat height ruler for the height and width at each stage. Participants will be asked to align the lateral malleolus and greater trochanter with the markers and the joint angle measured using a universal standard long arm goniometer for each stage.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Level of agreement
Time Frame: Baseline
Level of agreement between standard long arm goniometer and squat height calculator algorithm will be determined at each squat stage for knee joint angle (degrees).
Baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Northumbria University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Gabriel Cucato, PhD, Northumbria University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

July 15, 2025

Primary Completion (Actual)

January 19, 2026

Study Completion (Actual)

January 19, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

December 9, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

December 9, 2025

First Posted (Actual)

December 22, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

February 6, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 5, 2026

Last Verified

February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 10240 (Other Identifier: CTEP)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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