Effects of Education and Telephone Support on Type 2 Diabetes Management

January 31, 2026 updated by: Alime Selçuk Tosun, Selcuk University

Effects of Self-Management Education and Follow-Up Telephone Support on Diabetes Self-Management, Treatment Compliance, and Medication Self-Efficacy in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

This study examined the effects of self-management education combined with follow-up telephone support on diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, and medication self-efficacy in adults with Type 2 diabetes. A total of 70 adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. Participants in the intervention group received diabetes self-management education and follow-up telephone support while the control group received usual care. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Diabetes Self-Management Scale, the Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment, and the Diabetes Medication Use Self-Efficacy Scale.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

70

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Karatay
      • Konya, Karatay, Turkey (Türkiye), 42020
        • Konya City Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months
  • Between the ages of 18-64
  • Literate
  • Planned hospitalisation for at least three days
  • Using only insulin or insulin + oral antidiabetics as treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Individuals with Type 1
  • Gestational diabetes,
  • Communication disability
  • Psychiatric illness
  • Severe complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetic foot, cardiovascular disease)
  • Condition that prevents physical activity
  • Individuals who could not attend at least two sessions of the diabetes education programme

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Diabetes Self-Management Education and Telephone Support
Participants in this arm received a structured diabetes self-management education program combined with follow-up telephone support. The intervention consisted of three face-to-face education sessions covering diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, and medication use. In addition, participants received two structured follow-up telephone support calls over a two-month period to reinforce education content, support adherence, and address participant questions. Outcomes were assessed using pre-test and post-test measurements, including diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, medication self-efficacy, and biochemical parameters
Behavioral: Diabetes Self-Management Education and Telephone Support
The intervention consisted of a structured diabetes self-management education program and follow-up telephone support. Participants received three face-to-face education sessions focusing on diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, and medication use. Additionally, two structured follow-up telephone support calls were conducted over a two-month period to reinforce education, support adherence, and address participants' questions.
No Intervention: Usual Care Control Group
Participants in this arm received usual care for Type 2 diabetes without additional diabetes self-management education or follow-up telephone support. They continued routine clinical follow-up and standard treatment as recommended by healthcare providers. Pre-test and post-test assessments were conducted at the same time points as the intervention group, including measures of diabetes self-management, treatment compliance, medication self-efficacy, and biochemical parameters.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Diabetes Self-Management Scale
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
The level of diabetes self-management was assessed using the Diabetes Self-Management Scale. The scale evaluates participants' self-management behaviors across four sub-dimensions: glucose management, diet control, physical activity, and utilization of health services. A minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10 is obtained from the total scale and sub-dimensions. Higher scores indicating higher levels of diabetes self-management.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Treatment adherence was assessed using the Patient Adherence Scale for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment, a validated self-report instrument developed to evaluate adherence behaviors in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The scale assesses multiple dimensions of attitude and emotional factors, knowledge and personal factors, lifestyle change, feelings of anger, feelings, and behaviours appropriate for adherence, diet bargaining and feelings of denial. The highest score obtained from the scale is 150 and the lowest score is 30. As the score obtained from the scale decreases, the individual's adherence to treatment increases.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Diabetes Medication Use Self-efficacy Scale
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Medication use self-efficacy was assessed using the Diabetes Medication Use Self-Efficacy Scale, a validated instrument measuring individuals' confidence in their ability to use diabetes medications despite potential barriers. The scale evaluates self-efficacy related to obligation, preoccupation, and anxiety associated with medication use. The lowest score in the scale is 19 and the highest score is 57. Higher scores indicate higher levels of medication use self-efficacy.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Glycated hemoglobin
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in mmol/mol. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
High-density lipoprotein
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Low-density lipoprotein
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Total cholesterol
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Total cholesterol in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Triglyceride
Time Frame: Baseline and end of the third month after discharge
Triglyceride in mg/dL. This data was obtained from routine blood test results recorded in health records at baseline (during hospital admission) and at the physician follow-up visit three months after discharge.
Baseline and end of the third month after discharge

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Selcuk University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Alime Selçuk Tosun, Assoc. Prof., Selcuk University, Faculty of Nursing

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

May 1, 2023

Primary Completion (Actual)

April 15, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

April 15, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

January 25, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 31, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

February 3, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

February 3, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 31, 2026

Last Verified

January 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2023/08

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Individual participant data from this study will not be shared because the study was conducted solely for internal research purposes, and participant confidentiality and privacy are protected in accordance with institutional ethical approval. Data sharing was not planned in the study protocol.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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