The Effectiveness of the Three-dimensional Biochemical Activity Model of Pain

January 28, 2026 updated by: Dilek Karaman, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University

Effect of Three-Dimensional Educational Material Developed for Pain Mechanisms on Motivation and Knowledge Levels

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to develop a pain biochemical activity model taken from a three-dimensional printer and fixed by applying epoxy resin and to investigate the effect of this model on nursing students' understanding of the pain mechanism and their motivation to learn.

Methods: The universe of the study consisted of students enrolled in the Biochemistry course at the faculty of nursing of a university in the north of Türkiye during the spring semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. Students were divided into three strata based on their achievement average: high (75 and above), moderate (55-75), and low (54 and below). Forty-five students from each stratum were selected using computer-assisted randomization and assigned to the intervention and control groups. "Student Identification Form", "Pain Mechanism Information Form", "Instructional Material Motivation Scale" and The CONSORT checklist were used to collect data.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

90

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Zonguldak Province
      • Zonguldak, Zonguldak Province, Turkey (Türkiye), 67100
        • Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being over 18 years old
  • Participating voluntarily in the research
  • Not having received any previous training in pain
  • Being a native Turkish speaker

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Being under 18 years old
  • Not participating voluntarily in the research
  • Having received any previous training in pain
  • Not being a native Turkish speaker

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention group
Students in the intervention group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using a 3D-printed pain biochemical activity model.
Device: 3D printed pain biochemical activity training model
Computer-generated drawings designed to explain the biochemical mechanism of pain were created using plastic filaments from a 3D printer. Students were divided into small groups of nine using the resulting figures, and the processes of pain mechanisms were explained. At the end of the session, the figures were fixed by applying epoxy resin. After the students poured the epoxy resin onto the models in liquid form, it solidified within six hours, securing the shape as a transparent layer.
Other: control group
Students in the control group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using face-to-face instruction and PowerPoint presentations. To avoid interaction between the two laboratories, the control group received training first, followed immediately by the intervention group, who were then transferred to the other laboratory.
Other: PowerPoint Presentations
Students in the control group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using face-to-face instruction and PowerPoint presentations. To avoid interaction between the two laboratories, the control group received training first, followed immediately by the intervention group, who were then transferred to the other laboratory.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Student Identification Form
Time Frame: This form consisted of six questions and was administered to students one hour prior to the training.
This form including students' age, gender, high school type, native language, whether they choose a career voluntarily, and whether they have received previous training on pain.
This form consisted of six questions and was administered to students one hour prior to the training.
Pain Mechanism Information Form
Time Frame: This form was applied to students 15 minutes before the training began and 5 minutes after the training ended.

The Pain Mechanism Information Form was developed by the researchers based on literature. The developed questionnaire consists of 14 items, each prepared in a short-answer and fill-in-the-blank format. The scope of the Pain Mechanism Information Form includes: Pain physiology and classification, structure of nociceptors and pain transmission pathways, chemical mediators (Bradykinin, Prostaglandin, Serotonin, CGRP, Substance-P, Histamine), peripheral nerve ending release and mast cell activation, and vascular effects of inflammation (vasodilation, edema).

Five experts were consulted to ensure the validity of the Pain Mechanism Information Form. Each item was reviewed for its appropriateness and clarity for the intended learning outcomes and content, and necessary revisions were made based on the expert opinions. To ensure reliability, scoring was assessed for short-answer tests, and the questionnaires were scored separately by two raters. The inter-rater reliability coefficient (Cohen'
This form was applied to students 15 minutes before the training began and 5 minutes after the training ended.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Instructional Material Motivation Scale
Time Frame: This form was applied to students 30 minutes after the training ended.
This scale was developed by Tugtekin and Dursun (2022) to measure motivation related to the instructional materials used. It is a one-dimensional, 14-item, 5-point Likert-type self-report scale. High scores on the scale indicate high motivation. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient for the measurement tool in this study was determined to be 0.942. Item-total correlation values ranged from 0.629 to 0.820. Permission for use of the scale was obtained from the author via email.
This form was applied to students 30 minutes after the training ended.

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

May 12, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

October 12, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

August 12, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

November 27, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 28, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

February 5, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

February 5, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

January 28, 2026

Last Verified

October 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 428991-579/24

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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