Combined Acupressure Effects on Post-Thoracotomy Pain and Lung Volume

The Effects of Acupressure Combination on Post-Thoracotomy Pain and Lung Volume During Rest, Breathing-Coughing Exercises: A Randomized Controlled Study

Pain is a subjective, sensory and emotionally unpleasant experience resulting from real or hidden injuries in tissues. The pain experience is a subjective and unique experience in physiological and psychological terms and is the first negative sensory experience of the patient after the surgical procedure. Thoracotomy is an invasive surgical incision that causes severe postoperative pain due to the negative effect on the ribs, muscles and peripheral nerves. During thoracic surgery, anatomical lung resection is performed through posterolateral thoracotomy. Surgical incision during thoracotomy surgery is the most severe cause of postoperative pain. Epidural analgesia, peripheral nerve block and systematic treatment methods are used in post-thoracotomy pain management. Opioid use is frequently preferred in post-thoracotomy pain management. Although thoracotomy pain can mostly be controlled with opioid analgesics, excessive use of opioids may lead to respiratory suppression, constipation, suppression of cough, nausea, vomiting and many other possible side effects. Ineffective postoperative pain management may lead to postoperative complications such as increased cardiac workload, prolonged pulmonary rehabilitation and delayed wound healing. The use of holistic non-drug pain relief methods is vital in reducing the need for opioid analgesics and the risk of possible side effects in early postoperative pain management.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Cough; Pain, Acute; Breathing, Mouth; Lung Volume; Relaxation; Diaphragm
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Acupressure group

Detailed Description

Many non-drug applications such as music therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cryotherapy, acupuncture, electroacupuncture are used in pain management after thoracic surgery and to reduce analgesic use. Acupuncture is an application that provides the balance of energy flow (Qi) on meridians with thin needles placed at certain points of the body, which has been widely applied in China for more than 4000 years. Factors such as trauma and surgical incision disrupt the energy flow between meridians and cause problems in organ groups where meridians are effective. Acupuncture is accepted as an application that helps to balance this energy flow. Acupressure application, which is included in nursing practices, is a holistic non-pharmaceutical application based on acupuncture. Acupressure is a holistic treatment method that includes manual and noninvasive methods that provide stimulation to acupuncture points with pressure instead of needle stimulation. The point where acupressure will be applied is selected among the acupuncture points on the relevant meridian according to the problem existing in the individual. In acupressure application, pressure can be applied to a single point or more than one point consecutively.In acupressure application, it is reported that pressure can be applied to a single point, as well as stimulating multiple points consecutively will increase the desired effect. As the preferred acupuncture key points on the meridians, points on the hand, finger, wrist, palm, elbow, knee, and feet are often preferred. Acupressure tactilely reduces the sensation of pain by stimulating Aβ nerve fibres; increases the pain threshold by supporting the release of endogenous opioids; regulates the transmission of pain signals by secreting serotonin and norepinephrine, which are neurotransmitters responsible for the regulation of pain. In a randomised controlled study, the efficacy of acupressure in the treatment of postoperative pain in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery was examined. The participants in the experimental group were acupressured three times a day for two days at LI11, LU7, LU9, LU5, LU1, LU2, TE5, TE6, PC4, PC6 and LI4 acupressure points. In the control group, routine treatment of the clinic was applied and acupressure was not applied. After acupressure application, the pain score of the experimental group was found to be lower compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Similarly, it is reported in the literature that the use of acupressure is one of the best options for the relief of postoperative pain. It is also reported in the literature that acupressure can effectively improve lung function, dyspnoea and quality of life of patients with pneumonia.

Non-drug applications planned for the expected pain in the early postthoracotomy period are important in terms of reducing respiratory complications, improving the quality of pain management and supporting patients. When the literature is examined, there is no study examining the effect of acupressure on pain and lung volume during deep breathing and cough exercises, which have an important role in maintaining and improving lung volume after thoracotomy.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 80
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Özgül Aydemir, Doctor; Phone Number: +905435326567; Email: ozgul6761@gmail.com
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Öykü Kara, Specialist; Phone Number: +905546669614; Email: oyku.kara@iuc.edu.tr

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye), 34067
    • Recruiting
    • Özgül Aydemir
    • Contact: Özgül Aydemir, Doctor; Phone Number: +905435326567; Email: ozgul6761@gmail.com
    • Contact: Öykü Kara, Specialist; Phone Number: +905546669614; Email: oyku.kara@iuc.edu.tr
    • Principal Investigator: İlhan Öztekin, Professor
    • Sub-Investigator: Seher Deniz Öztekin, Professor
    • Sub-Investigator: Nurgül Yurtseven, Professor
    • Sub-Investigator: Tamer Okay, Professor
    • Sub-Investigator: Hilal Yavuzel, Doctor

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Underwent thoracotomy
• Undergoing thoracic surgery for the first time
• Classified as ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) physical status I, II and III
• Presence of a drain upon admission to the intensive care unit
• Conscious, oriented, and cooperative
• Provided verbal and written informed consent after receiving information about the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Intubated
• Persistent anxiety before the surgery
• Diagnosed with panic disorder
• Chemotherapy within the last 6 months
• Diagnosed psychiatric illness or mental health problems
• Presence of edema
• Intraoperative or postoperative complications
• Non-Turkish speaking, or presence of hearing or visual impairment
• Body mass index (BMI) greater than 30
• Participation in another clinical trial during the study period

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Acupressure group; Patients meeting the research criteria were included in the experimental group according to the randomisation table. The acupressure combination will be applied to the LI11, LU7, LU9, LU5, LU1, LU2, TE5, TE6,PC4, PC6 and LI4 points 2, 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Applications will last 1 minute for each point. Applications will last 1 minute for each point. Patients in this group will continue to receive routine clinical treatment and care. The patients' pain level during rest, breathing, coughing and mobilisation before surgery and 2, 6 and 24 hours after surgery, blood pressure, respiratory rate, respiratory count, SpO2 values, and lung volume before surgery and 24 hours after surgery will be measured and recorded using triflow. Additionally, the individuals' breathing and coughing exercise status will be assessed within the first 24 hours after surgery. These stages will also be carried out in a similar manner in the control group without any intervention.	Other: Acupressure group; A series of acupressure applications
No Intervention: Control group; Patients meeting the study criteria were included in the control group according to the randomisation table. Patients in this group will continue to receive routine clinical treatment and care. The patients' pain level during rest, breathing, coughing and mobilisation before surgery and 2, 6 and 24 hours after surgery, blood pressure, respiratory rate, respiratory count, SpO2 values, and lung volume before surgery and 24 hours after surgery will be measured and recorded using triflow. Additionally, individuals' breathing and coughing exercise status will be assessed within the first 24 hours after surgery.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain after thoracotomy	Pain after thoracotomy	The patient's visual analogue scale pain score (VAS) at 2, 6, and 24 hours post-surgery,

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain during rest	Pain during rest	The patient's visual analogue scale pain score (VAS) at 2, 6, and 24 hours post-surgery

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Pain during respiratory exercise	Pain during respiratory exercise	The patient's visual analogue scale pain score (VAS) at 2, 6, and 24 hours post-surgery
Pain during coughing exercise	Pain during coughing exercise	The patient's visual analogue scale pain score at (VAS) 2, 6, and 24 hours post-surgery
Lung function	Lung function	Preoperative triflow measurement results and postoperative 24-hour triflow measurement results (cc/s)
Total amount of analgesics used	Total amount of analgesics used	The total amount of analgesic administered to the patient at the 2nd, 6th and 24th postoperative hours will be recorded.
Pain before thoracotomy	Pain before thoracotomy	The patient's visual analogue scale pain score (VAS) at 2, 6, and 24 hours post-surgery

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Özgül Aydemir
• Collaborators: Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital; Yeditepe University Hospital; Dogus Universitesi; Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa
• Investigators: Study Director: İlhan Öztekin, Professör, Yeditepe University; Study Director: Seher Deniz Öztekin, Professör, Doğuş University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 6, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): June 6, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): January 6, 2027

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 31, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 11, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): February 13, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 13, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 11, 2026
• Last Verified: February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Pain; Acupressure; Thoracotomy after Pain; Lung Volume
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Neurologic Manifestations; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Signs and Symptoms; Pain; Acute Pain; Cough; Mouth Breathing
• Other Study ID Numbers: E-95961207-202.3.02-5421

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No