Mapping Antenatal Maternal Stress (MAMS)

Mapping Antenatal Maternal Stress (MAMS)

This study recruits women from early-mid pregnancy and later follows their children after birth, tracking both the mother and child until the child reaches at least 4 years of age. The study aims to examine the determinants of maternal mental health during pregnancy and how genetic factors could influence maternal mental health and child outcomes.

Study Overview

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Conditions: Psychology, Social; Socioeconomic Factors; Genetic Susceptibility; Neurological and Mental Health Conditions

Detailed Description

Prenatal maternal mental health has a significant long-lasting impact on both maternal functioning and child development. In Singapore and other developed nations, approximately 40% of pregnant women report symptoms of depression or anxiety at levels that predict poor maternal psychosocial functioning, as well as altered neurodevelopment and emotional-cognitive difficulties in their children. Despite the high prevalence and well-established consequences of prenatal mood disorders, the biological mechanisms underlying these conditions remain poorly understood. Prior research has implicated stress hormones, gonadal steroids, and genes, particularly within the serotonergic system, in contributing to perinatal depression and anxiety. However, candidate gene approaches have limitations. Mental health disorders arise from the combined effects of multiple genetic variants across distributed networks, rather than isolated loci. This understanding has led to the use of polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate genetic variants associated with psychiatric conditions, to capture cumulative biological susceptibility. This MAMS study aims to build a predictive model for maternal antenatal i) anxiety, ii) depression, as well as iii) identify the genomic contribution to a composite score representing maternal mental health/well-being across a series of instruments. The research will also examine predictors of co-morbid conditions, notably depression and anxiety, where the effects on child developmental outcomes appear to be greater. Participants will be followed up from pregnancy through the child turning at least four years old. A subset of participants is enrolled in a sub-study Mapping Antenatal Maternal Stress - Child Outcomes (MAMS-CO).

Data will be collected through questionnaires done online, biological samples collection, and assessments done during lab-based visits.

• Questionnaires related to depression, anxiety, psychosocial risk factors such as life stressors, social and partner support, socioeconomic factors, medical history, behavior, cognition, lifestyle, health status, parental bonding, childhood adversity experienced, socio-emotional factors, executive function, family dynamics, sleep quality, personality traits
• Collection of samples such as blood, buccal swabs, and saliva
• Sleep actigraphy measures on pregnant mothers and infants
• Child developmental assessments

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 1419

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Singapore
  • Singapore, Singapore, 117609
    • Institute for Human Development and Potential

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Singapore

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Mothers aged 21 - 40 years
2. Below 24 weeks of pregnancy by ultrasonography
3. Proficient and able to respond to questionnaires in English
4. Intends for herself and her child to stay in Singapore for the next 5 years
5. Access to a smartphone or standard laptop/desktop
6. All participants whose data on pregnancy follow-up and delivery would be available from healthcare professionals
7. Willing to take part in this study and able to provide written consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Women with pre-existing or a history of psychotic depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders
2. Women currently on oral/IV steroids and/or thyroids medication
3. Women with a history of thyroid disease
4. Women who are pregnant via any assisted reproduction
5. Women carrying multiples
6. Women currently enrolled into any interventional randomized controlled trials

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Pregnant mothers, infants and children; Mothers who are aged 21 - 40 years, below 24 weeks of pregnancy by ultrasonography, are willing to respond to questionnaires in English, and intend to stay in Singapore with her child for the next 5 years are eligible for the study. Babies born from these mothers will be followed up until the child is at least 4 years old.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Cumulative psychosocial risk index of maternal depression and anxiety	To create a cumulative risk index by collecting data using existing validated measures on known risk factors for maternal depression and anxiety, including 1) low socio-economic status, 2) poor marital relations, 3) low social support, 4) high levels of perceived stress, 5) high levels of neuroticism, 6) low self-esteem, 7) poor family function, and 8) childhood adversity in the form of maltreatment and/or poor parental relations.	From pregnancy up to 2 years postnatal
Polygenic risk score for differential susceptibility to environmental susceptibility	To identify genotypic variation associated with perinatal maternal mental health	From pregnancy up to 2 years postnatal
Determinants of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety with those that predict positive maternal mental health	To compare the determinants of maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety with those that predict the level of positive mental health	From pregnancy up to 2 years postnatal

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Influence of perinatal maternal mental health in relation to child development outcomes	To examine the impact of perinatal maternal mental health on child development outcomes using standardized clinical measures that have predictive validity for cognitive, emotional and social outcomes in young children. Our analyses will feature candidate moderators of the association between maternal mental health and child outcomes, including socioeconomic status, family cohesion and parental attitudes. We will also examine the moderating influence of the polygenic risk scores in determining the strength of the association between maternal mental health and specific child cognitive - emotional outcomes.	From pregnancy to postnatal 6 years
Determine specific contribution of maternal prenatal mood factor components to specific developmental outcomes in children	Analyses of maternal prenatal mood factors (e.g., maternal positive mental health, somatic complaints, anxiety, etc.) to determine which components contribute to specific developmental outcomes in children.	From pregnancy to postnatal 6 years
Influence of genetic susceptibility on maternal mental health and child outcomes	Exploratory analysis of the hypothesized moderating effect of the polygenic risk scores to examine those SNP's that best account for the association between the psychosocial risk index, maternal mental health and child outcomes.	From pregnancy to postnatal 6 years

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Singapore
• Collaborators: National University Hospital, Singapore; KK Women's and Children's Hospital; Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; McGill Faculty of Medicine

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 30, 2019
• Primary Completion (Estimated): June 1, 2029
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 16, 2029

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 12, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 18, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): February 25, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 25, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 18, 2026
• Last Verified: February 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Genetics; Mental Health; Neurodevelopment
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Disease Attributes; Disease Susceptibility; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Behavior; Signs and Symptoms; Personal Satisfaction; Neurologic Manifestations; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Psychological Well-Being
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2018/00967

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No