Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) in Turkish Women

March 26, 2026 updated by: Büşra Nur EROL, Ankara University
Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Women's decisions to participate in screening are influenced not only by knowledge, but also by psychosocial factors such as social norms, perceived threat, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy. The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a multidimensional instrument designed to assess psychological and social determinants that may influence women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the CCSTQ into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Turkish women.

Study Overview

Status

Recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Cervical cancer remains an important public health issue affecting women's health. Cervical cancer screening plays a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality through early detection. Women's decisions to participate in screening are influenced not only by knowledge, but also by psychosocial factors such as social norms, perceived threat, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy. The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a multidimensional instrument designed to assess psychological and social determinants that may influence women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the CCSTQ into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties among Turkish women.

This is a methodological study designed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the CCSTQ in Turkish women. The study will be conducted in two phases: (1) translation and cross-cultural adaptation following international guidelines and recommendations; and (2) psychometric evaluation including factor structure, convergent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, item discrimination, ceiling and floor effects, and known-groups validity. Women aged 21-65 years who meet the eligibility criteria and complete the Turkish version of the CCSTQ for psychometric evaluation. The study will end when the target sample size is reached and final assessments are completed.

Statistical analyses will be conducted using International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) Statistics.

  • Continuous variables: mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data; median and range for non-normally distributed data
  • Categorical variables: number and percentage
  • Normality assessment: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and visual methods
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for construct validity
  • Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability
  • Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency
  • Significance level set at probability value (p) < 0.05
  • Ceiling and floor effects defined as >15% concentration at the highest or lowest possible score.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

215

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Community-based sample of women residing in Türkiye who will be recruited through online platforms (e.g., social media and email) using convenience sampling.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Native Turkish speakers who can read and understand Turkish
  • Aged between 21 and 65 years
  • Able to communicate consciously and effectively
  • Previously and/or currently sexually active
  • Provide informed consent and agree to complete the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ)
  • Voluntary female participants

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of total hysterectomy without cervical preservation
  • Previous diagnosis of cervical cancer
  • Severe mental illness or cognitive impairment
  • Inability to complete the CCSTQ

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Intervention / Treatment
Adult Turkish Women
Women aged 21-65 years who meet the eligibility criteria and complete the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) for psychometric evaluation.
Other: Validity and reliability study
Participants will complete the Turkish version of the Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) and the Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test via an online survey for psychometric evaluation purposes. No clinical intervention will be applied.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ)
Time Frame: Baseline and 2 weeks after the initial administration (Test-retest reliability )
The Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Questionnaire (CCSTQ) is a 43-item, six-dimensional self-report instrument developed to assess cognitive, psychosocial, and structural determinants influencing women's participation in cervical cancer screening. The scale covers social norms, knowledge and awareness, perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. It is rated on a five-point Likert scale and was developed based on the DOST model grounded in health behavior theory. No clinically validated cut-off score has been established for the CCSTQ. In the original study, the sample median was used to classify participants into high and low screening tendency groups. The instrument is easy to administer and can be completed in a short time.
Baseline and 2 weeks after the initial administration (Test-retest reliability )
The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test
Time Frame: At baseline
The Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test is a multidimensional instrument designed to evaluate health beliefs related to cervical cancer screening. Originally developed within the framework of health belief theory and later adapted for cervical cancer and Pap smear screening, the scale consists of 35 items across five subdimensions: perceived benefits and motivation for Pap smear, perceived barriers to Pap smear, perceived seriousness of cervical cancer, perceived susceptibility, and health motivation. The scale uses a five-point Likert response format, and each subscale is scored independently. Higher scores indicate stronger perceptions or motivation within the respective domain, whereas higher perceived barriers are inversely associated with screening behavior. Turkish version, validity and reliability study is available. The scale will be used in this study to assess the convergent validity of the CCSTQ.
At baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Ankara University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

March 26, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

March 1, 2027

Study Completion (Estimated)

March 1, 2027

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

February 28, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 28, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

March 5, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

March 31, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

March 26, 2026

Last Verified

March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • E-79176220-050.04-2198580

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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