Tidal Model Nursing for TBI Caregivers (Tidal-TBI)

Effectiveness of a Tidal Model-Based Nursing Approach for Caregivers of Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

Brain injury is a broad concept that may develop as a result of head trauma or surgical interventions, vascular injuries (such as subarachnoid hemorrhage or stroke), metabolic or toxic causes, cerebral anoxia, inflammation, or infection. A meta-analysis conducted between 1990 and 2016 reported an annual incidence of 43.6 million cases of brain injury worldwide. According to data published by the Turkish Statistical Institute in the same year, 24.3% of deaths in Türkiye were attributed to cerebrovascular events. Although advances in emergency medical services and palliative care have increased survival rates, a substantial proportion of survivors experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social disabilities. Consequently, these individuals often require supervision, support, and care from caregivers for the remainder of their lives. Caregivers in this population are typically family members who receive no financial compensation and are primarily responsible for providing social, mental, and physical care.

Studies examining caregivers have identified numerous physical, psychological, emotional, social, and economic challenges associated with caregiving. Research indicates that prolonged caregiving is associated with increased levels of anxiety, depression, deterioration in physical health, social isolation, burnout, and related conditions.

Mental health nurses, who play a critical role as healthcare professionals, adopt a holistic approach by evaluating individuals together with their families and caregivers throughout the care process. In this context, they implement various interventions that support treatment and rehabilitation. It is essential that these interventions also encompass caregivers and are grounded in evidence-based and collaborative practices.

According to Pektekin (2013), within the framework of the Tidal Model developed by psychiatric nursing theorists Phil Barker and Poppy Buchanan-Barker, emphasis is placed on individuals' lived experiences and the meanings they attribute to these experiences. This perspective, with its strong focus on individuality, is considered to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of the person in all dimensions.

In light of this information, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of a Tidal Model-based nursing approach on the levels of anxiety, depression, and burnout among caregivers of individuals diagnosed with traumatic brain injury.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Psychological Distress; Caregivers; Traumatic Brain Injuries
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Tidal Model Based Nursing

Detailed Description

Aim of the Study (Primary and Secondary Objectives): Brain injury is a broad condition that may result from head trauma or surgical interventions, vascular injuries (such as subarachnoid hemorrhage or stroke), metabolic or toxic causes, cerebral anoxia, inflammation, or infection (Turner-Stokes, 2015). Meta-analyses conducted between 1990 and 2016 have estimated an annual incidence of 43.6 million new cases of brain injury worldwide (GBD, 2016).

Among the causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI), motor vehicle accidents rank first, accounting for approximately 50% of cases (Thurman et al., 1999), followed by falls, which constitute 20-30% of cases (Karpuz, 2019). The risk of TBI is highest among individuals aged 15-24 years, decreases in middle adulthood, and rises again after the age of 70 (Thurman et al., 1999). According to the Turkish Statistical Institute (2019), 24.3% of deaths in Türkiye are attributed to cerebrovascular diseases.

Head injuries are life-threatening conditions that can lead to long-term disability and require prolonged treatment and care, ranking fourth among the leading causes of death. Although advances in emergency care and palliative services have increased survival rates, many survivors experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social disabilities. As a result, these individuals often require continuous supervision, support, and care for the remainder of their lives.

Caregivers of individuals with TBI are typically unpaid individuals-most often family members-who are primarily responsible for providing physical, psychological, and social care (Çetinkaya & Dönmez, 2023). Caregiving is defined as all activities performed attentively and respectfully to help individuals meet their basic needs, maintain and develop their abilities, and live with minimal suffering while sustaining a functional life (Engster, 2005).

Research has demonstrated that caregivers experience numerous physical, psychological, emotional, social, and economic challenges (Karahan & İslam, 2013). Long-term caregiving has been associated with increased anxiety, depression, deterioration in physical health, social isolation, and burnout (Sarı, 2007; Dökmen, 2012).

Within healthcare systems, nurses play a crucial role as frontline professionals who maintain continuous contact with patients and caregivers. Structuring care within theoretical frameworks and models is essential for ensuring a systematic and holistic approach (Dökmen, 2012). Mental health nurses, in particular, implement evidence-based, collaborative, recovery-oriented, and holistic interventions that support both patients and caregivers throughout treatment and rehabilitation processes (Barker, 2001a).

The importance of focusing on individuals' strengths in improving mental health has been emphasized (Xie, 2013). Similarly, the Tidal Model developed by Phil Barker and Poppy Buchanan-Barker highlights individuals' lived experiences and the meanings they attribute to these experiences (Pektekin, 2013; Barker & Buchanan-Barker, 2005). This model's emphasis on individuality enables comprehensive evaluation of individuals in all dimensions.

Within the context of this study, the challenges experienced by caregivers of individuals with TBI can be conceptualized through the Tidal Model: the chaos and instability they experience correspond to the "tides," their interpretation of caregiving reflects the inevitability of change, and the coping strategies they develop resemble "building a boat." Based on the model's philosophy of helping individuals facing life difficulties, it is considered appropriate for use with this population.

Accordingly, the primary aim of this doctoral study is to examine the effect of a Tidal Model-based nursing intervention on the levels of anxiety, depression, and burnout among caregivers of individuals with traumatic brain injury.

Expected Benefits and Risks: This study is expected to contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of caregivers by emphasizing their lived experiences and individuality, as proposed by the Tidal Model. The use of a randomized, pretest-posttest controlled experimental design combined with mixed methods (document analysis and discourse analysis) will enable a robust, evidence-based evaluation of the intervention's effectiveness.

The study is also anticipated to improve caregivers' coping skills related to psychological challenges and provide healthcare professionals with a novel perspective on caregiver support. Strengthening caregivers' mental well-being may also positively influence patient outcomes. Furthermore, the study is expected to contribute to the academic field by supporting the use of the Tidal Model in rehabilitation nursing and holistic care practices.

No risks are anticipated in this study. Type, Scope, and Design of the Study: This study will employ a randomized, pretest-posttest controlled experimental design alongside mixed methods, including document analysis and discourse analysis.

The sample will consist of individuals who meet the inclusion criteria and voluntarily agree to participate. Sample size was determined using G*Power analysis. Based on reference values from Yıldırım et al. (2024) (Beck Anxiety Scale scores: 25.67±7.98 and 16.22±6.78), with an effect size of 1.27, power of 80%, and alpha level of 0.05, the required sample size was calculated as 18 participants (9 experimental, 9 control).

Participants (Sample Characteristics and Selection Criteria):

The study sample will consist of male and female caregivers aged 18-65 years who provide care for individuals with TBI receiving treatment at the Acute Rehabilitation Clinic of Ankara Gaziler Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital.

Inclusion, Exclusion, and Withdrawal Criteria

Inclusion criteria:

Providing care for an individual diagnosed with TBI Aged between 18 and 65 years Providing care for at least 3 months Ability to understand and speak Turkish No communication impairments Voluntary participation

Exclusion criteria:

Under 18 or over 65 years of age Providing care for less than 3 months Illiteracy Caring for individuals without TBI diagnosis willingness to participate Incomplete completion of study forms

Withdrawal criteria:

Voluntary withdrawal from the study Incomplete data collection forms Outcome Measures and Data Collection Tools

Participants will complete:

Informed Consent Form Sociodemographic Data Form Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Pretests will be conducted during the first session, and posttests will be conducted during the final session.

Intervention Procedure

The intervention group will receive eight face-to-face sessions based on the Tidal Model (twice weekly, 45 minutes each, for four weeks). The sessions will include:

Orientation Acute care phase Developmental care phase Transitional care phase Semi-structured interviews will be conducted following the intervention. The control group will receive no intervention but will complete pretest and posttest assessments at equivalent time intervals.

Statistical Analysis:

Data will be analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Normality will be assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests.

Parametric tests: Independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test Non-parametric tests: Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test Correlation: Spearman correlation analysis Reliability: Cronbach's alpha Qualitative data will be analyzed using MAXQDA. The level of statistical significance will be set at p < 0.05.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 18
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • ÇANKAYA
    • Ankara, ÇANKAYA, Turkey (Türkiye)
      • Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Providing care for an individual diagnosed with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Being between the ages of 18 and 65. Having provided care for the patient for at least 3 months. Volunteering and providing informed consent to participate in the study. Being proficient in speaking and understanding Turkish. Having no cognitive or physical impairments that would hinder effective communication.

Exclusion Criteria:

Being under the age of 18 or over the age of 65. Having provided care for less than 3 months. Being illiterate or unable to read and write. Providing care for an individual with a diagnosis other than Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).

Unwillingness to participate in the study or refusal to provide informed consent.

Failure to fully complete the required study forms and measurement scales.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental Group: Tidal Model Approach; Caregivers in this group will receive a nursing intervention based on the 10 commitments of the Tidal Model to support their psychosocial well-being.	Behavioral: Tidal Model Based Nursing; A nursing intervention structured around the 10 commitments of the Tidal Model, focusing on the caregiver's personal story, empowerment, and psychosocial support.
No Intervention: Control Group: Standard Care; Caregivers in this group will receive routine standard nursing care and follow-up without any specific model-based intervention.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Scores	The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) will be used to assess the level of burnout among caregivers. The scale consists of 22 items categorized into three subscales: Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale (0-6). For Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, higher scores indicate a higher level of burnout. For Personal Accomplishment, lower scores indicate a higher level of burnout.	Baseline (Pre-intervention) and 4 weeks after the intervention (Post-intervention).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Scores	Measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The scale consists of 21 items. Total scores range from 0 to 63, where higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms.	Baseline (Pre-intervention) and 4 weeks after the intervention (Post-intervention).
Change in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Scores	Measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The scale consists of 21 items. Total scores range from 0 to 63, where higher scores indicate greater severity of depression.	Baseline (Pre-intervention) and 8 weeks after the intervention (Post-intervention).

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital
• Investigators: Study Director: BİRGÜL ÖZKAN, PhD, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Turkish Statistical Institute. (2019, Mayıs). Mortality statistics. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21526
• Yıldırım ve ark. Çözüm Odaklı Kısa Süreli Grupla Psikolojik Danışmanın Parçalanmış Aileye Sahip Ergenlerin Kaygı ve Umutsuzluk Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisi. Humanistic Perspective 6.2 (2024).
• Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği' nin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, Ankara; Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
• Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventorymanual. Consulting Psychologists Press.
• Hisli N. Beck depresyon envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliliği, güvenilirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi. 1989;7(23): 8-13.
• Beck AT. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561-71.
• Barker, P., & Buchanan-Barker, P. (2005). The Tidal Model: A guide for mental health professionals. Routledge.
• Barker, P. (2001a). The Tidal Model: developing an empowering, person-centred approach to recoverywithin psychiatric and mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 8(3), 233-240.
• Dökmen, Z. Y. (2012). Yakınlarına bakım verenlerin ruh sağlıkları ile sosyal destek algıları arasındaki ilişkiler. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(1), 3-38.
• Sarı, H. Y. (2007). Zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan ailelerde aile yüklenmesi. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11(2), 1-7.
• Karahan, A. Y., & İslam, S. (2013). Fiziksel engelli çocuk ve yaşlı hastalara bakım verme yükü üzerine bir karşılaştırma çalışması. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 3(5).
• Engster D. Rethinking Care Theory: The practice of caring and the obligation to care. Hypatia 2005; 20 (3): 50-74.
• Çetinkaya, N., & Dönmez, E. (2023). İnmeli hastalara bakım verenlerde bakım yükü, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyinin incelenmesi. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 10(1), 49-59.
• Karpuz, S. (2019). Travmatik beyin hasarı rehabilitasyonu. Aegean Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(3), 161-167.
• Thurman, D. J., Alverson, C., Dunn, K. A., Guerrero, J., & Sniezek, J. E. (1999). Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13(5), 1-8.
• GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(1), 56-81.
• Turner-Stokes, L., Pick, A., Nair, A., & diğerleri. (2015). Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(1), CD004170.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2025
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 10, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): March 10, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 27, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 27, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): April 2, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 2, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 27, 2026
• Last Verified: March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: nursing; Caregivers; nursing care; traumatic brain injuries; tidal model
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Wounds and Injuries; Craniocerebral Trauma; Trauma, Nervous System; Brain Injuries; Brain Injuries, Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: 17.04.2025-04/1229

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No