Træningseffekterne af tinkering-aktiviteter på kognitiv fleksibilitet hos ældre voksne fra lokalsamfund

Tinkering activities are activities that comprise elements of science, art, and technology. Through a series of themes objectives, participants can involve interestingly, creatively, and flexibly in the activity when they fulfill the goal with the materials retrievable at the site. Participants will be trained as they involve in the elements hidden within the core of the training, such as problem exploration, active thinking and inference, trial and error, and problem-solving.

Controlled Tinkering Activities utilize the themes of Tinkering activities but eliminate the core of Tinkering training, hence implementing a new set of activities that emphasize participants strictly follow procedures to complete the similar objective of Tinkering activities. Each participant will end up with a similar piece of work as Tinkering Activities participants would without problem exploration, active thinking and inference, trial and error, and problem-solving.

Board games are often constructed with concepts of different cognitive components, such as attention, working memory, planning, calculation; therefore serve as a commonly seen cognitive training, while more and more literature continues to support tabletop games being the medium of cognitive promotion.

The EEG data is recorded while the participants are carrying out the task-switching paradigm. The data will then be analyzed in terms of Event-Related Potential(ERP), where the components' changes will be observed in terms of amplitude and latency.

The task-switching paradigm will ask the participants to judge whether the number(stimulus) presented is 1) even or odd, OR, 2) more than or less than 5. The switching between these rules will induce a switch cost effect (the time when the rule changes, the reaction time will increase to compensate the cognitive process needed to make the change) if the reaction time decreases after intervention, it implies an improvement.

Score ranged 0-128, the higher the score, the better the executive function

The number of sequences of 10 consecutive correct matches (maximum = 6), higher the score, the better the executive function

Total number of trials to complete first category, the less the score, the better the executive function

The concentration of perseverative errors in relation to overall test performance (the number of trials given) multiplied by 100. The less the score, the better the executive function.

When a participant makes five or more consecutive correct matches but then makes an error before successfully completing the category, the less the score, the better the executive function.

score ranged 20-80, the higher the greater sense of loneliness in the participants.

Score ranged 0-15, the higher the score, the severe the depressive symptoms.

Score ranged 1-5, higher the score, the better the flow experience the participant had.

It is a 12-item 6-point scale in Likert format, the higher the score, the higher the participants' cognitive flexibility.

Scoring in terms of originality, fluency, elaboration and flexibility. The higher the score the better the creativity and divergent thinking.

Measures in time, error, cues, near miss, and color error. The less time, error, cues, near miss and color error the participants take, the better the executive function, alternate and sustain attention.

Score range 0-100, the higher the score, the better the function of activities of daily living.

Score range 0-30. The higher the score, the better the ability of remote associate creativity.

Participants will undergo a Rule Inference functional magnetic resonance imaging task to infer underlying rules that map color configurations of circles in a triangular arrangement to a target color category within as few tries as possible under active or passive conditions. The goal for participants will be to infer the cue-category association rules using as few cues as possible. The primary outcome measure here is the degree of neural response estimate change in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal pre- and post-intervention.

Changes from pre- to post-intervention in participant overall accuracy in identifying latent rules in the Rule Inference functional magnetic resonance imaging task.

Changes from pre- to post-intervention in participant number of trials to criterion in the Rule Inference functional magnetic resonance imaging task.

Changes from pre- to post-intervention in participant coefficients of expression of modeled response strategies in the Rule Inference functional magnetic resonance imaging task will be assessed.

Score range 0 - 75. Higher score indicates better verbal episodic memory.

Score range 0 - 48. Higher score indicates better visual face memory.

Score range 0 - 32. Higher score indicates better verbal memory and learning.

Score range 0 - 64. Higher score indicates better visual memory and learning.

Score range 0 - 36. Higher score indicates better verbal memory and learning. For II, recall score range is 0 to 8; recognition score range is 0 to 24.

Score range 0 - 104. Higher score indicates better visual memory. For II, recall score range is 0-104; recognition score range is 0-48.

Score range 0 - 32. Higher score indicates better spatial memory.

Score range 0 - 32. Higher score indicates better auditory memory.

Score range 0 - 66. Higher score indicates better vocabulary.

Score range 0 - 133. Higher score indicates better processing speed.

Score range 0 - 68. Higher score indicates better visual processing.

Score range 0 - 22. Higher score indicates better mathematical computation ability.

Score range 0 - 26. Higher score indicates better reasoning.