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- Sperimentazione clinica NCT07669649
Effect of TENS on Spasticity
The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Spasticity: A Single-Subject Experimental Study
Panoramica dello studio
Stato
Condizioni
Intervento / Trattamento
Descrizione dettagliata
Post-stroke spasticity is a common consequence of upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by increased muscle overactivity and exaggerated stretch reflex responses. It can negatively affect motor function, daily activities, and quality of life in stroke survivors.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive and widely used rehabilitation modality that may modulate spinal and supraspinal neural mechanisms through activation of sensory afferent pathways. Although previous studies have reported potential benefits of TENS for spasticity management, findings remain inconsistent because of methodological heterogeneity, variability in stimulation parameters, and differences in individual treatment responses.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of sensory-level TENS on wrist flexor spasticity and spinal motor neuron excitability in individuals with chronic post-stroke spastic paresis. Specifically, the study will examine whether TENS influences clinical spasticity, the duration of any observed effects, the magnitude of treatment-related changes, and the reproducibility of these effects across participants.
Two complementary single-case experimental designs will be used. First, a withdrawal/reversal design (ABABA with washout periods) will be employed to evaluate the causal effects of TENS on outcome measures. Second, a nonconcurrent multiple-baseline design across participants will be used to assess the consistency of intervention effects across individuals.
TENS will be applied over the paretic wrist flexor muscles for 30 minutes using symmetrical biphasic rectangular pulses (100 Hz, 200 μs). Stimulation intensity will be adjusted to a clearly perceived sensory level without visible muscle contraction or discomfort.
The primary outcomes are clinical spasticity, assessed by muscle reaction angle during rapid passive stretch, and spinal motor neuron excitability, assessed by the Hmax/Mmax ratio obtained from flexor carpi radialis H-reflex recordings. Repeated measurements will be performed throughout the experimental phases to evaluate immediate and time-dependent changes associated with TENS application.
This study is expected to provide individual-level evidence regarding the effects and temporal characteristics of sensory-level TENS in chronic post-stroke spasticity.
Tipo di studio
Iscrizione (Stimato)
Fase
- Non applicabile
Contatti e Sedi
Contatto studio
- Nome: Korhan B Bayram, M.D.
- Numero di telefono: +905073066695
- Email: korbay@gmail.com
Backup dei contatti dello studio
- Nome: Büşra Candal, M.D.
- Numero di telefono: +905436940747
- Email: busraalpppp@gmail.com
Luoghi di studio
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Karabağlar
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Izmir, Karabağlar, Turchia (Türkiye), 35150
- Izmir Katip Celebi University
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Criteri di partecipazione
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
- Adulto
- Adulto più anziano
Accetta volontari sani
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age between 18 and 70 years
- Post-stroke wrist flexor spasticity scored as Grade 2 or 3 on the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS), specifically selecting patients whose passive stretch resistance (post-catch response) can be easily overcome to ensure accurate and unconfounded electrophysiological evaluation.
- At least 6 months post-stroke (chronic phase).
- Provision of voluntary, written informed consent prior to study enrollment.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Age <18 or >70 year
- Contraindications to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (e.g., implanted electronic devices, history of epilepsy, or localized skin lesions preventing electrode placement)
- Concomitant wrist contracture or pain sufficient to impede clinical evaluation
- Structural abnormalities of the elbow joint obstructing median nerve stimulation
- Median nerve neuropathy or injury in the affected upper extremity.
- Non-stable dosage of antispastic medications within the 2 weeks prior to baseline
- Initiation of medications affecting nerve conduction (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anesthetics) within the past month; patients on a stable dose for >1 month remain eligible
- Botulinum toxin injection in the target spastic muscles within the preceding 3 months
- History of neurolytic procedures targeting spasticity in the affected limb.
- History of orthopedic or neurological surgery targeting spasticity in the affected limb
- Cognitive impairment severe enough to compromise adherence to study protocols
- Inability to maintain the required testing positions for the upper extremity joints (shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist)
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding
- Presence of active malignancy at or near the treatment area.
Piano di studio
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
- Scopo principale: Trattamento
- Assegnazione: N / A
- Modello interventistico: Assegnazione di gruppo singolo
- Mascheramento: Nessuno (etichetta aperta)
Armi e interventi
Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm |
Intervento / Trattamento |
|---|---|
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Sperimentale: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Participants with chronic post-stroke wrist flexor spasticity will receive sensory-level transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) applied over the paretic wrist flexor muscles during the intervention (B) phase.
TENS will be delivered for 30 minutes using a symmetrical biphasic rectangular waveform with a frequency of 100 Hz and a pulse duration of 200 μs.
Stimulation intensity will be adjusted to a clearly perceived sensory level without visible muscle contraction or discomfort.
During the baseline (A) phase, no intervention will be administered.
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) will be applied over the projection area of the paretic wrist flexor muscles (flexor carpi radialis) for 30 minutes.
Stimulation parameters will consist of symmetrical biphasic rectangular pulses at a frequency of 100 Hz and a pulse duration of 200 μs.
Stimulation intensity will be adjusted to produce a clearly perceived sensory sensation without visible muscle contraction or discomfort.
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Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Angle of Muscle Reaction
Lasso di tempo: From baseline assessment through completion of study participation (1 to 3 days, depending on the assigned experimental design).
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The Angle of Muscle Reaction (AMR) is defined as the joint angle at which a catch response is elicited in the wrist flexor muscles (flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris) during passive stretch performed at the highest achievable velocity.
Higher values indicate lower spasticity.
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From baseline assessment through completion of study participation (1 to 3 days, depending on the assigned experimental design).
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Hmax / Mmax ratio
Lasso di tempo: From baseline assessment through completion of study participation (1 to 3 days, depending on the assigned experimental design).
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The Hmax/Mmax ratio is an electrophysiological measure of spinal motor neuron excitability obtained from flexor carpi radialis H-reflex recordings.
Higher values indicate greater spinal motor neuron excitability.
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From baseline assessment through completion of study participation (1 to 3 days, depending on the assigned experimental design).
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Collaboratori e investigatori
Sponsor
Investigatori
- Investigatore principale: Korhan B Bayram, Izmir Katip Celebi University
Pubblicazioni e link utili
Pubblicazioni generali
- Gracies JM, Bayle N, Vinti M, Alkandari S, Vu P, Loche CM, Colas C. Five-step clinical assessment in spastic paresis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 Sep;46(3):411-21.
- Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP, Wood D, Van Wijck F, Burridge J, Hermens H, Johnson GR. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Jan 7-21;27(1-2):2-6. doi: 10.1080/09638280400014576. No abstract available.
- Love S, Gibson N, Smith N, Bear N, Blair E; Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group. Interobserver reliability of the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS). Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Feb;58 Suppl 2:18-24. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13000. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
- Celnik P, Hummel F, Harris-Love M, Wolk R, Cohen LG. Somatosensory stimulation enhances the effects of training functional hand tasks in patients with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 Nov;88(11):1369-76. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.001.
- Mahmood A, Veluswamy SK, Hombali A, Mullick A, N M, Solomon JM. Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Spasticity in Adults With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Apr;100(4):751-768. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.10.016. Epub 2018 Nov 16.
- He J, Luo A, Yu J, Qian C, Liu D, Hou M, Ma Y. Quantitative assessment of spasticity: a narrative review of novel approaches and technologies. Front Neurol. 2023 Jul 5;14:1121323. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1121323. eCollection 2023.
- Childers MK, Biswas SS, Petroski G, Merveille O. Inhibitory casting decreases a vibratory inhibition index of the H-reflex in the spastic upper limb. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Jun;80(6):714-6. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90178-8.
- Katz RT, Rovai GP, Brait C, Rymer WZ. Objective quantification of spastic hypertonia: correlation with clinical findings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992 Apr;73(4):339-47. doi: 10.1016/0003-9993(92)90007-j.
- Burke D. Clinical uses of H reflexes of upper and lower limb muscles. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2016 Apr 7;1:9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2016.02.003. eCollection 2016.
- McIntyre A, Lee T, Janzen S, Mays R, Mehta S, Teasell R. Systematic review of the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions in the treatment of spasticity of the hemiparetic lower extremity more than six months post stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012 Nov-Dec;19(6):479-90. doi: 10.1310/tsr1906-479.
- Bakheit AM. The pharmacological management of post-stroke muscle spasticity. Drugs Aging. 2012 Dec;29(12):941-7. doi: 10.1007/s40266-012-0034-z.
- Chen B, Yang T, Liao Z, Sun F, Mei Z, Zhang W. Pathophysiology and Management Strategies for Post-Stroke Spasticity: An Update Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jan 5;26(1):406. doi: 10.3390/ijms26010406.
- Lance JW. Symposium synopsis. In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, editors. Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1980. p. 485-494.
- Tate RL, Perdices M. Introduction to single-case experimental designs: historical overview and basic concepts. In: Tate RL, Perdices M, editors. Single-Case Experimental Designs for Clinical Research and Neurorehabilitation Settings: Planning, Conduct, Analysis and Reporting. New York: Routledge; 2019. p. 3-20.
- Fernandez-Tenorio E, Serrano-Munoz D, Avendano-Coy J, Gomez-Soriano J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for spasticity: A systematic review. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2019 Sep;34(7):451-460. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.06.009. Epub 2016 Jul 26. English, Spanish.
- Levin MF, Hui-Chan CW. Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992 Apr;85(2):131-42. doi: 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90079-q.
- Lazorthes Y, Sol JC, Sallerin B, Verdie JC. The surgical management of spasticity. Eur J Neurol. 2002 May;9 Suppl 1:35-41; dicussion 53-61. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.0090s1035.x.
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- 2026-KAE-0019
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