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"Retrospective Study of the Risk of Pathology in the Mandibular Second Molar Associated With an Impacted Third Molar: Development and Validation of a Semi-Automated Artificial Intelligence-Based Digitisation Platform". (SMART-M3)

8 november 2026 bijgewerkt door: Carlos Pérez-Albacete Martínez, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia

Impacted mandibular third molars (wisdom teeth that cannot fully erupt) may damage the adjacent second molar, causing decay on its back surface, loss of the supporting bone or resorption of its root. These problems are often silent and are detected late. This retrospective observational study aims to identify which radiographic features of the impacted third molar are associated with a higher risk of pathology in the second molar.

The study uses panoramic radiographs (OPG) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans that were previously obtained for clinical reasons at the UCAM Dental University Clinic (Murcia, Spain) between 2018 and 2026. No new images or procedures are performed on patients. The position, angulation, depth and contact of the third molar with the second molar are measured, and their relationship with second molar pathology is analysed. The study also compares the information provided by OPG and CBCT and develops and validates a semi-automated, artificial intelligence-based platform to help clinicians make these radiographic measurements faster and more consistently.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Actief, niet wervend

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Design. Single-centre, observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (code CE102517). It follows the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was waived because only pre-existing images obtained for clinical purposes are used. Data are pseudonymised in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR) and Spanish Organic Law 3/2018.

Setting and sample. Consecutive sampling of all eligible images acquired at the UCAM Dental University Clinic between February 2018 and June 2026 with an ORTHOPHOS SL 3D unit (Dentsply Sirona). The unit of analysis is the mandibular third molar, so each patient may contribute one to four records (one or two third molars, on OPG, CBCT or both). The expected sample is approximately 2,110 third molars from 1,188 patients on OPG and approximately 690 third molars from 384 patients on CBCT, with a paired OPG-CBCT subsample of 667 teeth.

Variables. Third molar variables are:

  • Winter classification
  • Pell & Gregory depth and ramus relationship
  • Retromolar space
  • Angle between the long axes of the second and third molars
  • Distance from the distal surface of the second molar to the ramus
  • Mesiodistal diameter of the third molar
  • Presence, type and level of contact between the third and second molars Covariates are age, sex and smoking status. Outcome. The primary outcome is a composite of distal pathology of the mandibular second molar, defined as the presence of at least one of the following: distal caries, distal bone loss or external root resorption. Teeth without any of the three are classified as controls. Each component is also recorded separately, with its extent or severity.

Statistical analysis. The analysis comprises:

  • Descriptive statistics, overall and by imaging modality.
  • Bivariate analysis using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and Mann-Whitney U or Student's t tests, with odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and correction for multiple comparisons.
  • Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression with the patient as a random effect, to account for the clustering of teeth within patients.
  • Assessment of the model's discrimination with ROC curves and AUC.
  • Agreement between OPG and CBCT in the paired subsample, using intraclass correlation coefficients, simple and weighted kappa and Bland-Altman analysis, with 95% confidence intervals obtained by patient-clustered bootstrap.
  • Intra-observer reliability on 123 teeth per modality. AI-based platform. A semi-automated digitisation platform based on artificial intelligence (automatic landmark detection) is developed to perform the radiographic measurements. It is validated against expert manual assessment in an independent subsample of 191 third molars (103 OPG and 88 CBCT).

Studietype

Observationeel

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

1188

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

    • Murcia
      • Murcia, Murcia, Spanje, 30008
        • Clínica Universitaria UCAM Dental

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

18 jaar en ouder (Volwassen, Oudere volwassene)

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Geslachten die in aanmerking komen voor studie

Allemaal

Bemonsteringsmethode

Niet-waarschijnlijkheidssteekproef

Studie Bevolking

Adult patients (18 years or older) who attended the UCAM Dental University Clinic (Murcia, Spain) between February 2018 and June 2026 and had at least one mandibular third molar visible on a panoramic radiograph (OPG) and/or cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan obtained previously for clinical purposes. Patients were identified consecutively through the clinic's records management software (GESDEN).

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • Age and sex recorded.
  • At least one mandibular third molar present.
  • OPG and/or CBCT available.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Absence of the adjacent second mandibular molar.
  • Insufficient diagnositc image quality.
  • Previous surgery altering the anatomy.
  • Cysts or tumours in the third molar region.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Observatiemodellen: COHORT
  • Tijdsperspectieven: RETROSPECTIVE

Cohorten en interventies

Groep / Cohort
Interventie / Behandeling
OPG cohort

Patients with an impacted mandibular third molar assessed on panoramic radiography.

The radiographic assessment was performed on images that were already available. No additional exposure was required.

CBCT cohort

Subset of patients also assessed on CBCT.

The radiographic assessment was performed on images that were already available. No additional exposure was required.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Primary
Tijdsspanne: At the time of the radiographic examination (single cross-sectional assessment).

Composite distal pathology of the mandibular second molar (distal caries, distal bone loss and/or external root resorption).

At the time of the radiographic examination (single cross-sectional assessment).

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Secondary
Tijdsspanne: At the time of the radiographic examination (single cross-sectional assessment).

Agreement between OPG and CBCT measurements (ICC, weighted kappa, Bland-Altman).

At the time of the radiographic examination (single cross-sectional assessment).

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

31 oktober 2025

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

30 juli 2026

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

15 december 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

8 november 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

8 november 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

13 november 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

13 november 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

8 november 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 november 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • CE102517

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Pseudonymised clinical images subject to GDPR; data available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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