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Evaluatie van een gedifferentieerd point-of-care Active Case Finding & Management-model om de overdracht van HIV van moeder op kind in Malawi te elimineren (PAC-Man)

17 september 2026 bijgewerkt door: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

UNCPM 22401 - Evaluatie van een gedifferentieerd Point-of-Care Active Case Finding & Management-model voor de eliminatie van de overdracht van HIV van moeder op kind in Lilongwe en Mangochi, Malawi

Purpose: To conduct a hybrid effectiveness-implementation stepped-wedge trial to:

  1. Estimate the effect of the PAC-Man model, compared to SOC, on the proportion of infants who receive timely EID testing.
  2. Estimate the effect of the PAC-Man model, compared to SOC, on the proportion of pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV who receive guideline-adherent viral load testing.
  3. Compare implementation outcomes between the PAC-Man model and SOC.

Participants: The total study sample size is 2,426, including 2,304 mother-infant pair (MIP) survey participants, 48 high-risk pregnant/breastfeeding women living with HIV for in-depth interviews (from high-risk MIPs who participated in a survey); 10 PMTCT policy makers and Ministry of Health (MOH)/ President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) implementing partner senior managers for key informant interviews; and about 48-64 professional and lay health providers for focus group discussions and implementation actor surveys.

To rigorously evaluate the PAC-Man model, investigators will use a hybrid (type 3) effectiveness-implementation incomplete stepped-wedge trial design. The hybrid incomplete stepped-wedge design is a rigorous quasi-experimental design that allows for incremental "rollout" of the PAC-Man model and serial measurement of both health outcomes (for infants and mothers in Objectives 1 and 2, respectively), as well as implementation outcomes (Objective 3). The incomplete stepped-wedge design is more efficient than a complete design, minimizes costs, and reduces participant burden, without sacrificing statistical precision. Using this design, sequential crossover from control (i.e., the SOC) to intervention (i.e., SOC plus the PAC-Man model) takes place at each 'step' using cluster randomization until all clusters (defined as a group of "sites," or health facilities plus the surrounding communities in its catchment area) receive the intervention. The 12 sites included in our study will be divided into 4 clusters of 3 sites each.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Werving

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

PAC-Man Model:

PAC-Man represents an integrated differentiated services delivery (DSD) model for mothers and infants that brings the following three evidence-based practices into the community for elimination of mother to child transmission (EMTCT): 1) pediatric active case finding using novel point-of-care (POC) early infant diagnosis (EID) technology; 2) same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for infants newly diagnosed with HIV infection; and 3) maternal viral load (mVL) testing and back-to-care services. PAC-Man uses a mobile approach to offer EMTCT services in the community and reach "high risk" MIPs in which the mother living with HIV did not initiate ART, started ART late during pregnancy or breastfeeding, dropped off treatment following ART initiation, was unsuppressed on ART, was identified with HIV infection for the first-time during the post-partum period, and/or did not return with her infant for EID testing. Because these evidence-based practices are already recommended by the Ministry of Health and will be functioning at the site and not the individual level, delivering the PAC-Man model will be done under the auspices of routine care, applying an overarching implementation strategy of creating new mobile care teams equipped with new diagnostic technology who deploy the m-PIMA™ in community settings.

PAC-Man Implementation Approaches:

The overall implementation strategy being evaluated in this study is the creation of mobile care teams to deploy m-PIMA™ and provide EMTCT services in the community. Complementing this overarching strategy will be two sub-strategies used to enhance PAC-Man adoption: 1) task shifting of active case finding, EID and mVL testing, ART initiation, and back-to-care services to community health workers (CHWs), community nurses, and HIV diagnostic assistants; and 2) changing service sites to convenient locations in the community to overcome barriers to EID and mVL delivery. These strategies are intended to work in concert with the above evidence-based practices to integrate PAC-Man into the EMTCT program.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

2426

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Locaties

  • Malawi
      • Lilongwe, Malawi
        • Werving
        • Area 18 Health Centre
        • Contact:
      • Monkey Bay, Malawi
        • Werving
        • Monkey Bay Community Hospital
        • Contact:
    • Central Region
      • Lilongwe, Central Region, Malawi
        • Nog niet aan het werven
        • Bwaila Hospital
        • Contact:

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

16 jaar en ouder (Kind, Volwassen, Oudere volwassene)

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Geslachten die in aanmerking komen voor studie

Allemaal

Beschrijving

The criteria for Enumerated MIP Cohort is as follows:

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Enrolled in the national EMTCT program at a study site in the 12 months preceding a survey.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • None.

The criteria for Enumerated MIP Field Survey is as follows:

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 16 years or older.
  • Enrolled in the national EMTCT program at a study site in the 12 months preceding a survey.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Documented transferred out from a site prior to the field survey.
  • Participated previously in the field survey.
  • Decline informed consent.

The criteria for In-Depth Interviews is as follows:

Inclusion criteria:

  • Age 16 years or older.
  • Met high-risk criteria for PAC-Man model.
  • Participated in a field survey.

Exclusion criteria:

  • Decline informed consent.

The criteria for Focus Group Discussions is as follows:

Inclusion criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • MOH or implementing partner professional or lay health worker at a study site (such as nurses, community health workers, health surveillance assistants, and HIV diagnostic assistants)
  • Generally familiar with the PAC-Man model and/or EMTCT/ EID service delivery at their site.

Exclusion criteria:

  • Decline informed consent.

The criteria for Key Informant Interviews is as follows:

Inclusion criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • HIV/ EMTCT policy maker OR MOH/ PEPFAR implementing partner senior manager.
  • Generally familiar with HIV and/or EMTCT/ EID service delivery.

Exclusion criteria:

  • Decline informed consent.

The criteria for Implementation Actor Questionnaires is as follows:

Inclusion criteria:

  • Age 18 years or older.
  • Professional or lay health provider at a study site.
  • Generally familiar with HIV and/or EMTCT/ EID service delivery at their site.
  • Participated in a focus group discussion.

Exclusion criteria:

  • Decline informed consent.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Preventie
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: PAC-Man Model

PAC-Man represents an integrated DSD model for mothers and infants that brings the following three evidence-based practices into the community for EMTCT: 1) pediatric active case finding using novel POC EID technology; 2) same-day ART initiation for infants newly diagnosed with HIV infection; and 3) mVL testing and back-to-care services. PAC-Man uses a mobile approach to offer EMTCT services in the community and reach "high risk" MIPs. Delivering the PAC-Man model will be done under the auspices of routine care, applying an overarching implementation strategy of creating new mobile care teams equipped with new diagnostic technology who deploy the m-PIMA in community settings.
Gedragsmatig: PAC-Man

PAC-Man represents an integrated DSD model for mothers and infants that brings the following three evidence-based practices into the community for EMTCT: 1) pediatric active case finding using novel POC EID technology; 2) same-day ART initiation for infants newly diagnosed with HIV infection; and 3) mVL testing and back-to-care services. PAC-Man uses a mobile approach to offer EMTCT services in the community and reach "high risk" MIPs. Delivering the PAC-Man model will be done under the auspices of routine care, applying an overarching implementation strategy of creating new mobile care teams equipped with new diagnostic technology who deploy the m-PIMA in community settings.
Actieve vergelijker: Standard of care (control arm)

Routine care as provided by the Ministry of Health.
Gedragsmatig: Standard of Care

Routine care as provided by Ministry of Health.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Proportion of infants who receive EID testing by age 6 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants exposed to HIV who receive EID testing by age 6 months among the enumerated cohort of MIPs with infants at least 6 weeks old at all study sites.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Proportion of infants who receive EID testing by age 2 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants exposed to HIV who receive EID testing by age 2 months among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs with infants at least 6 weeks old at all study sites.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of infants who receive EID testing by age 12 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants exposed to HIV who receive EID testing by age 12 months among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs with infants at least 6 weeks old at all study sites.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of high-risk infants who receive EID testing by age 6 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants with high-risk mothers exposed to HIV who receive EID testing by age 6 months among all high-risk MIPs with infants at least 6 weeks old at all study sites.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of infants who initiate ART
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants newly diagnosed with HIV who initiate ART ≤60 days from EID sample collection among the enumerated cohort of all infants.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Median infant results return time
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Median number of days from infant EID sample collection to results returned to caregivers.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of infants newly diagnosed with HIV
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants newly diagnosed with HIV among the enumerated cohort of all infants.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Median age at ART initiation among infants
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Median age in months at ART initiation among infants who test positive for HIV.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Median time to ART initiation among infants
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Median number of days to ART initiation among infants who test positive for HIV.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of infants who initiate ART the same day as diagnosis
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants newly diagnosed with HIV who initiate ART on the same day as EID results received among the enumerated cohort of all infants.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of infants with HIV retained in care at 3 months post-ART initiation
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants with HIV who are retained in care at 3-months post-ART initiation.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of infants with HIV retained in care at 6 months post-ART initiation
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of infants with HIV who are retained in care at 6-months post-ART initiation.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs reached with viral load testing
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of mothers living with HIV who received MOH-recommended 6-monthly VL testing during pregnancy and breastfeeding among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of high-risk MIPs reached with viral load testing
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of high-risk MIPs living with HIV who received MOH-recommended 6-monthly VL testing during pregnancy and breastfeeding among all high-risk MIPs from the enumerated cohort.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs virally suppressed at 6 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of mothers with viral suppression (<1,000 copies of HIV per ml.) at 6 months after EMTCT enrollment among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of high-risk MIPs virally suppressed at 6 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of high-risk mothers with viral suppression (<1,000 copies of HIV per ml.) at 6 months after EMTCT enrollment among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs virally suppressed at 12 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of mothers with viral suppression (<1,000 copies of HIV per ml.) at 12 months after EMTCT enrollment among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of high-risk MIPs virally suppressed at 12 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of high-risk mothers with viral suppression (<1,000 copies of HIV per ml.) at 12 months after EMTCT enrollment among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs retained in care at 6 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of mothers who are retained in care (≥1 clinic encounter within the last 180 days) at 6 months after EMTCT enrollment among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs retained in care at 12 months
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of mothers who are retained in care (≥1 clinic encounter within the last 180 days) at 12 months after EMTCT enrollment among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs who resumed ART
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of mothers who had documented treatment interruption (i.e., a treatment gap ≥28 days) who later resumed ART among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Proportion of MIPs who received enhanced adherence counseling
Tijdsspanne: Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program

Proportion of MIPs who had unsuppressed viral load and then completed enhanced adherence counselling among the enumerated cohort of all MIPs.
Within 12 months of MIP enrollment in the national EMTCT program
Adoption - proportion of sites that adopt the PAC-Man model
Tijdsspanne: 6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)

Number of trained sites that deliver the PAC-Man intervention divided by the total number of trained sites. Study endline sustainability survey is conducted at the end of the trial once all study sites have been randomized to receive the intervention.
6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)
Adoption - proportion of providers who adopt the PAC-Man model
Tijdsspanne: 6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)

Number of trained providers who deliver the PAC-Man intervention divided by the total number of trained providers. Study endline sustainability survey is conducted at the end of the trial once all study sites have been randomized to receive the intervention.
6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)
Implementation - cost per pediatric case
Tijdsspanne: 6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)

Incremental cost of PAC-Man implementation per pediatric HIV case identified, compared to standard of care. Study endline sustainability survey is conducted at the end of the trial once all study sites have been randomized to receive the intervention.
6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)
Implementation - cost per unsuppressed MIP
Tijdsspanne: 6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)

Incremental cost of PAC-Man implementation per pregnant and breastfeeding woman with unsuppressed viral load identified, compared to standard of care. Study endline sustainability survey is conducted at the end of the trial once all study sites have been randomized to receive the intervention.
6-12 months after sites switch to intervention; study endline (Approximately 12 months from the time that last study sites are switched to the intervention)

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Medewerkers

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Michael Herce, MD, MPH, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

27 maart 2025

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

31 maart 2028

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

31 maart 2028

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

26 juni 2024

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

8 juli 2024

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

10 juli 2024

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

18 september 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

17 september 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 september 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 24-0561
  • 1P01HD112215 (Subsidie/contract van de Amerikaanse NIH)

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

JA

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 9 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC).

IPD-tijdsbestek voor delen

Beginning 9 and continuing for 36 months following publication

IPD-toegangscriteria voor delen

Investigator has approved IRB, IEC, or REB and an executed data use/sharing agreement with UNC.

IPD delen Ondersteunend informatietype

  • LEERPROTOCOOL
  • ICF

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

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