3R Rehabilitation Management of COVID-19 Survivors

Experimentell: Centre-based

Centre-based exercise cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program for 6 weeks

Övrig: Cardiopulmonary exercise (centre-based)

Depending on the preference of participants, they can either choose to join three 60-minute centre-based sessions plus two sessions of 30-minute home exercise per week, or two 60-minute centre-based sessions plus four sessions of 30-minute home exercise per week. Each session will include warm-up and cool-down exercises, aerobic exercises, and progressive strengthening exercises prescribed based on individual ability (Table 1). Aerobic exercises will be performed at 60-75% (up to 85% for fit individuals) of the predicted maximum heart rate. The respective rate of perceived exertion during exercise will be maintained between 4 and 6 out of 10 on the Borg CR scale [10], indicating moderate to strenuous exercise levels. Additionally, physiotherapists will provide education related to COVID-19, energy conservation, and stress management during the program.

Experimentell: Online-based

Online-based exercise cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program for 6 weeks

Övrig: Cardiopulmonary exercise (online-based)

Participants in the OBR group will attend one face-to-face session to learn how to use a mobile application (app) followed by 6 weeks of home exercises. The online treatments will be delivered via the Caspar Health e-system, a German-designed Internet-based system, is available for desktop PCs and as a mobile app for both iOS and Android smartphones. This system will enable patients to follow their therapists' treatment plans in an asynchronous manner. The OBR programme will last for 6 weeks. Participants will be instructed to perform 40 minutes of structured exercises 6 times per week. In the first week, six 40-minute online exercise sessions will be delivered through push notifications on the mobile app.

Experimentell: Combined

Combined centre- and online-based exercise cardiopulmonary rehabilitation program for 6 weeks

Övrig: Cardiopulmonary exercise (centre-based)

Depending on the preference of participants, they can either choose to join three 60-minute centre-based sessions plus two sessions of 30-minute home exercise per week, or two 60-minute centre-based sessions plus four sessions of 30-minute home exercise per week. Each session will include warm-up and cool-down exercises, aerobic exercises, and progressive strengthening exercises prescribed based on individual ability (Table 1). Aerobic exercises will be performed at 60-75% (up to 85% for fit individuals) of the predicted maximum heart rate. The respective rate of perceived exertion during exercise will be maintained between 4 and 6 out of 10 on the Borg CR scale [10], indicating moderate to strenuous exercise levels. Additionally, physiotherapists will provide education related to COVID-19, energy conservation, and stress management during the program.

Övrig: Cardiopulmonary exercise (online-based)

Participants in the OBR group will attend one face-to-face session to learn how to use a mobile application (app) followed by 6 weeks of home exercises. The online treatments will be delivered via the Caspar Health e-system, a German-designed Internet-based system, is available for desktop PCs and as a mobile app for both iOS and Android smartphones. This system will enable patients to follow their therapists' treatment plans in an asynchronous manner. The OBR programme will last for 6 weeks. Participants will be instructed to perform 40 minutes of structured exercises 6 times per week. In the first week, six 40-minute online exercise sessions will be delivered through push notifications on the mobile app.

Fatigue measured by Fatigue Assessment Scale

The Fatigue Assessment Scale is a 10-item scale evaluating symptoms of chronic fatigue.exercise test.

Fatigue measured by Fatigue Assessment Scale

The Fatigue Assessment Scale is a 10-item scale evaluating symptoms of chronic fatigue.exercise test.

Muscle strength by 30-second double-leg sit-to-stand test (times)

Muscle strength will be assessed with the 30-second double-leg sit-to-stand test. If the participant can perform the 30-second single leg sit-to-stand test with pain or difficulty, they will be invited to complete 30-second single-leg sit-to-stand test. The number of completed repetitions will be counted.

Muscle strength by 30-second double-leg sit-to-stand test (times)

Muscle strength will be assessed with the 30-second double-leg sit-to-stand test. If the participant can perform the 30-second single leg sit-to-stand test with pain or difficulty, they will be invited to complete 30-second single-leg sit-to-stand test. The number of completed repetitions will be counted.

Self-efficacy by 6-Item Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy scale

A six-item digital self-administered self-efficacy questionnaire will be used to evaluate patients' confidence in performing exercise, managing their own symptoms and emotions and completing their daily tasks.

Self-efficacy by 6-Item Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy scale

A six-item digital self-administered self-efficacy questionnaire will be used to evaluate patients' confidence in performing exercise, managing their own symptoms and emotions and completing their daily tasks.

Self-perceived quality of life by The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire-HK version

The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire-HK version is a self-reported questionnaire. This 50-item disease specific questionnaire assesses 3 domains (symptoms, activity, and impacts).

Self-perceived quality of life by The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire-HK version

The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire-HK version is a self-reported questionnaire. This 50-item disease specific questionnaire assesses 3 domains (symptoms, activity, and impacts).

Self-perceived quality of life by The Hong Kong Chinese version Short Form-36

The Hong Kong Chinese version Short Form-36 is a concise 36-item health status questionnaire with good psychometric properties.

Self-perceived quality of life by The Hong Kong Chinese version Short Form-36

The Hong Kong Chinese version Short Form-36 is a concise 36-item health status questionnaire with good psychometric properties.

Cardiac output (L/min)

Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall by a non-invasive measurement of cardiac output using the CardioScreen 1000 System. Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall bilaterally

Cardiac output (L/min)

Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall by a non-invasive measurement of cardiac output using the CardioScreen 1000 System. Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall bilaterally

Cardiac stroke volume (ml/m2)

Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall by a non-invasive measurement of cardiac output using the CardioScreen 1000 System. Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall bilaterally

Cardiac stroke volume (ml/m2)

Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall by a non-invasive measurement of cardiac output using the CardioScreen 1000 System. Non-invasive electrodes will be placed on the clavicle and lateral side of chest wall bilaterally

Forced expiratory volume in one second (l)

FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in first 1 second, after full inspiration

Forced expiratory volume in one second (l)

FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in first 1 second, after full inspiration

Forced vital capacity (l)

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration

Forced vital capacity (l)

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration

FEV1/FVC

Ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity

FEV1/FVC

Ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity

Peak expiratory flow rate (l/s)

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is the maximal flow (or speed) achieved during the maximally forced expiration initiated at full inspiration

Peak expiratory flow rate (l/s)

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is the maximal flow (or speed) achieved during the maximally forced expiration initiated at full inspiration

Exercise capacity (m)

Exercise capacity will be assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), a submaximal exercise test.

Exercise capacity (m)

Exercise capacity will be assessed by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), a submaximal exercise test.