建立财富与健康网络:小额信贷/TANF 示范项目
The Building Wealth and Health Network (The Network) 的目标是开发并严格测试资产构建模型,该模型将通过资产构建、金融教育和创伤知情同伴支持来构建金融、社会和人力资本。 计划组成部分包括:1) 匹配的储蓄账户; 2)金融知识课;和 3) 同伴支持小组使用 Sanctuary ® 创伤知情方法提供社会服务。 该计划是与宾夕法尼亚联邦公共福利部合作提供的。 计划要素将满足称为贫困家庭临时援助 (TANF) 计划的工作要求。
假设是该计划的服务组合将通过增加收入、增加资产和建立支持性社交网络来改善经济安全,然后转化为更好的健康结果。
研究概览
详细说明
有参与贫困家庭临时援助计划 (TANF) 的 6 岁以下幼儿的家庭被视为“强制工作”,必须每周至少参加 20 小时的工作相关活动才能获得 TANF 福利。 然而,由于经济困难、健康状况不佳以及暴露于暴力和逆境中,家庭通过 TANF 参与取得的成功可能会受到限制。
2013 年,美国有 4530 万人生活在贫困之中,其中包括超过五分之一的六岁以下儿童,但只有 27% 的符合条件的家庭获得了贫困家庭临时援助 (TANF)。 虽然儿童贫困增加了健康不良和发育迟缓的风险,但许多公共援助计划,如补充营养援助计划 (SNAP)、妇女、婴儿和儿童特殊补充营养计划 (WIC) 和住房补贴,保护弱势儿童免受贫困的负面影响。 然而,尚不清楚 TANF 是否在孕产妇和儿童福祉、使家庭摆脱贫困或为低收入家庭做好充分准备以在劳动力市场取得成功方面取得了显着改善。
TANF 的目标之一是提供工作技能和教育计划,以支持成人及其子女进入劳动力市场。 然而,许多家庭遇到就业障碍,这可能会阻止他们成功地从 TANF 过渡。 这可能部分是由于接受 TANF 的人的健康状况不佳,因为大约三分之一的 TANF 接受者报告存在限制工作的健康状况;几乎 43% 的 TANF 接受者报告了多种类型的残疾,包括记忆障碍、情绪/精神限制、运动限制和感觉障碍。 除了 TANF 参与者报告的健康状况不佳和残疾外,他们还报告在社区和家庭关系中遭受暴力和逆境的比率高得惊人。 例如,在 TANF 符合条件的家庭中,亲密伴侣暴力的发生率高达 74%,而普通社区的这一比例高达 31%,这对就业率构成了主要障碍。 虽然在成年期接触暴力表明生活非常艰难,但据报道,在低收入家庭中,这种在整个生命周期中接触暴力的比例要高得多,甚至可以追溯到童年时期。 童年不良经历 (ACE) 包括身体和情感虐待与忽视、性虐待和家庭功能障碍,例如家庭成员入狱或目睹家庭暴力,在接受 TANF 的人群中尤为普遍。 ACE 和暴力暴露与抑郁症、心血管疾病、食品不安全和其他健康状况等限制工作的条件密切相关。 接触 ACE 与较高的工人旷工率以及成年期工作和财务压力有关,表明 ACE 与以后的财务稳定性之间存在关联。 其他相关的工作障碍包括有犯罪记录或曾在监狱服刑,并且在 TANF 接受者的女户主中,与其他低收入人群相比,与刑事司法系统互动的普遍程度相当高。 最后,当年幼孩子的父母入狱时,这会对孩子的成长产生不利影响,这反过来又需要成年看护者更多的关注、时间和照顾,从而给工作带来更多障碍。 有犯罪记录的女户主更容易达到 TANF 时限,这会加剧就业障碍。 此外,父母有犯罪前科的儿童卷入刑事司法系统的风险更大,并且比普通人群的儿童更有可能表现出高风险行为。
TANF 接受者和生活贫困者的逆境程度很高,这是一个重大问题,因为逆境会影响身心健康、学业成绩、就业、工作记忆和认知控制等执行技能的发展,以及下一代的养育。 强调家庭的求职和工作参与而不关注逆境和健康状况不佳可能会导致失败。 初步证据表明,建立复原力的社会支持和全面的社会工作方法可能在限制暴露于暴力和逆境的负面影响方面取得巨大成功。 然而,全国大多数 TANF 计划很少整合此类方法,并且在许多州,无法满足法定工作要求的 TANF 参与者(可能由于健康状况不佳以及遭受暴力和逆境)可能更有可能成为“被制裁”,要么减少他们的现金福利,要么在一段时间内完全切断。
受到制裁的家庭更有可能在工作参与方面存在严重的健康障碍。 此外,那些受到制裁的人报告说,亲密伴侣暴力以及身体和行为健康问题的发生率更高。 制裁可能会增加家庭已经面临的困难。 例如,与未受到制裁的家庭相比,受到制裁的家庭报告的家庭粮食不安全、公用事业停电、儿童住院、支付医疗费用困难、无家可归和儿童学业中断的发生率更高。 这尤其成问题,因为那些受到制裁的人往往有年幼的孩子,使这些孩子在敏感的发育阶段面临更大的风险。
为了加剧工作和自给自足的精神和身体障碍,符合 TANF 资格的家庭与许多低收入家庭一样,金融知识低,没有信用记录,资产很少或没有资产,并且没有银行账户(没有支票或储蓄账户) ) 或银行账户不足(拥有银行账户,但仍主要依赖支票兑现和汇票等替代金融服务)。 为了补充微薄的收入,家庭可能会通过非正规经济来赚取收入和花钱,他们为支票兑现、支付账单和获得贷款支付更高的费用。 无法进入主流金融机构和活动可能会造成严重后果,因为储蓄和其他有形资产在帮助家庭免受意外收入冲击方面发挥着关键作用,使家庭能够度过经济不确定时期,而不会进一步陷入贫困。 储蓄创造了财务基础,增加了经济保障,并且可以随着时间的推移投资于儿童教育。 资产建设活动表明健康得到改善,公民和社区参与度提高,贫困代际转移率降低。 储蓄还可以减少经常伴随产妇抑郁症而来的极端压力。 最后,即使在经济衰退期间,储蓄的积极影响仍然存在。
与宾夕法尼亚州卫生与公众服务部合作,建设财富与健康网络(网络)是一项随机、对照的试点研究,旨在评估一项干预措施的有效性,以解决与暴露于逆境和暴力相关的家庭困难,社会孤立和经济能力低下,以帮助家庭走上自给自足的道路。
研究类型
注册 (实际的)
阶段
- 不适用
联系人和位置
学习地点
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Pennsylvania
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Philadelphia、Pennsylvania、美国、19104
- Drexel University School of Public Health
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参与标准
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
接受健康志愿者
有资格学习的性别
描述
纳入标准:
- 四年或更短时间的 TANF 现金福利领取者,以及
- 遵守强制性 TANF 20 小时工作要求,以及
- 至少一名六岁以下儿童的父母
排除标准:
- 无法提供同意的成年人
学习计划
研究是如何设计的?
设计细节
- 主要用途:治疗
- 分配:随机化
- 介入模型:并行分配
- 屏蔽:单身的
武器和干预
参与者组/臂 |
干预/治疗 |
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实验性的:自我赋权团体
干预活动包括帮助参与者在当地联邦信用合作社开立储蓄账户,每月 1:1 匹配最高 20 美元,为期 12 个月。
参与者还接受了金融赋权和同伴支持课程,每周约 3 小时,持续 28 周。
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自我赋权小组 (SEG) 课程借鉴了 S.E.L.F. 的关键组成部分。
Sanctuary 中的工具,专注于四个领域:创造个人、情感、道德和身体安全 (S),处理和管理情绪 (E),认识损失和放手 (L),以及为未来感制定目标 (F) .
自己。
建立一种共同语言,所有经历过逆境的人都可以使用这种语言来组织他们的生活,并努力建立稳定的基础,以支持他们的目标并投资于他们的潜力。
为这项研究开发的金融赋权课程包括互动练习、工作表和日记作业,它们促进了对银行业的理解和实践、建立信贷和债务管理、充分利用自己的钱,以及为自己和家人设定财务目标。
内容侧重于识别和利用参与者可以利用的内部和外部资源,以开始采取措施实现财务自给自足。
在 12 个月的时间里,协助参与者在当地一家非营利性联邦信用合作社开设储蓄账户(每月 1:1 匹配最高 20 美元)。
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实验性的:金融赋能
干预活动包括帮助参与者在当地联邦信用合作社开立储蓄账户,每月 1:1 匹配最高 20 美元,为期 12 个月。
参与者还每周接受财务授权,持续 28 周,每周约 3 小时。
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为这项研究开发的金融赋权课程包括互动练习、工作表和日记作业,它们促进了对银行业的理解和实践、建立信贷和债务管理、充分利用自己的钱,以及为自己和家人设定财务目标。
内容侧重于识别和利用参与者可以利用的内部和外部资源,以开始采取措施实现财务自给自足。
在 12 个月的时间里,协助参与者在当地一家非营利性联邦信用合作社开设储蓄账户(每月 1:1 匹配最高 20 美元)。
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无干预:控制组
对照组没有获得开设匹配储蓄账户的帮助,并且被县援助办公室要求根据标准程序参加其他临时援助贫困家庭(TANF)授权的工作参与活动。
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研究衡量的是什么?
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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家庭经济困难的变化
大体时间:最多 15 个月的季度变化
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家庭经济困难是一种单一的结果,体现在三种困难衡量标准中: 1) 衡量粮食不安全的美国家庭粮食安全调查模块 (HFSSM),2) 衡量“能源不安全”的能源安全调查,以及 3) 衡量“住房不稳定”的住房安全调查。 这三个措施结合成一个单一的困难措施,包括 “无困难”[对以上三种困难没有正面反应]“中度困难”[至少三种困难中的一种]和“严重困难”[由 2 或 3 种困难组成] |
最多 15 个月的季度变化
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次要结果测量
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
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职业准备的变化
大体时间:最多 15 个月的季度变化
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职业准备是使用就业希望量表来衡量的。
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最多 15 个月的季度变化
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心理健康的变化
大体时间:最多 15 个月的季度变化
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为了评估成年参与者的抑郁症状,我们使用了抑郁症流行病学研究中心 (CES-D)。
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最多 15 个月的季度变化
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儿童发展的变化
大体时间:最多 15 个月的季度变化
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儿童的发育状况是通过家长对发育状况调查的评价来衡量的。
参与者被问及关于他们孩子发展问题的十个问题:全局/认知、表达语言和发音、精细运动、粗大运动、行为、社交情感、自助、学校和任何其他问题。
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最多 15 个月的季度变化
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合作者和调查者
调查人员
- 首席研究员:Mariana Chilton, PhD, MPH、Drexel University
出版物和有用的链接
一般刊物
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