低 GI 饮食对非酒精性脂肪肝的影响 (LGI-NAFLD)

low glycemic index diet

• Three-day cycle menu of LGI diet will be designed and supplied to each participant in an amount designed to meet their estimated energy requirements. The percentage energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate will be the same in the two diets. Each diet period of the trial will last for two weeks.

• 雷电

High glycemic index diet

Three-day cycle menu of HGI diet will be designed and supplied to each participant in an amount designed to meet their estimated energy requirements. The percentage energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate will be the same in the two diets. Each diet period of the trial will last for two weeks.

• 人机界面

Change in liver fat content (%) from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet) in participants with NAFLD. Liver fat content was measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Values represent liver fat content at 2 weeks minus liver fat content at baseline. Lower values indicate lower liver fat content and may reflect improvement in hepatic steatosis.

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Change in gut microbiome alpha diversity from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet), assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in participants with NAFLD. Higher values indicate greater microbial alpha diversity. Values represent the change from baseline to the end of the intervention period.

Change in gut microbiome beta diversity from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet), assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using UniFrac distance. Beta diversity measures differences in microbial community composition between samples. Lower UniFrac distance values indicate greater similarity between microbial communities, whereas higher values indicate greater dissimilarity. UniFrac distance ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates identical communities and 1 indicates completely distinct communities. Values represent the change from baseline to the end of each intervention period.

Change in fasting blood glucose concentration from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet), measured using a Horiba automated analyser. Values represent blood glucose at 2 weeks minus blood glucose at baseline. Higher values indicate an increase in blood glucose concentration, whereas lower or negative values indicate a decrease in blood glucose concentration.

Change in fasting insulin concentration from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet). Values represent insulin concentration at 2 weeks minus insulin concentration at baseline. Lower values indicate lower circulating insulin concentrations.

Change in liver function biomarkers from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period. Values represent the biomarker concentration at 2 weeks minus the concentration at baseline The blood liver function tests (LFTs) to be assessed are GGT(Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase), ALP(Alkaline Phosphatase), AST(Aspartate Amino Transferase), and ALT(Alanine Amino Transferase)

Change in fasting blood lipids concentration from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period. Values represent triglyceride concentration at 2 weeks minus triglyceride concentration at baseline. The blood lipids biomarkers to be assessed are Total Cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, Triglycerides.

Change in gut hormones concentration from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period. Values represent GLP-1 concentration at 2 weeks minus GLP-1 concentration at baseline.using radioimmunoassay (RIA) or Sandwich ELISA methods. The blood gut hormones to be assessed were Leptin, Ghrelin,, GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide 1).

Change in plasma short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet) in participants with NAFLD. Plasma SCFAs (including acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid) were measured in fasting blood samples. Values represent the concentration at the end of the intervention period minus the concentration at baseline. Higher values indicate higher circulating SCFA concentrations.

Change in body weight from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period (LGI diet and HGI diet) in participants with NAFLD. Body weight was measured in kilograms using calibrated scales. Values represent body weight at the end of the intervention period minus body weight at baseline. Negative values indicate weight loss, whereas positive values indicate weight gain.

Composite Appetite Sensations (CAS) score was derived from Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) assessments of appetite. Participants rated hunger, satisfaction, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption on 10-cm (0-100 mm) visual analogue scales. The CAS score was calculated as:

2

3 [Hunger + (100 - Satisfaction) + (100 - Fullness) + Desire to Eat + Prospective Food Consumption] / 5 4

5 CAS scores range from 0 to 100 mm, with higher scores indicating greater overall appetite and lower scores indicating lower appetite. Values represent the change from baseline to the end of each 2-week dietary intervention period.