神经调节辅助的自我脱离：NEURO-EGO 研究第一阶段

实验性的：刺激

参与者将在完成认知评估的同时接受假刺激、TES 或 TES-TI 刺激。

设备：经颅电刺激（TES）

TES 使用特定的电极排列模式来选择性地刺激大脑。 参与者将佩戴 hdEEG（高密度脑电图）帽，允许 TES 间歇性刺激。

设备：时间干扰经颅电刺激 (TES-TI)

TES-TI 使用特定的电极排列模式来选择性地刺激大脑。 参与者将佩戴 hdEEG（高密度脑电图）帽，这将允许 TES-TI 进行间歇性刺激。

设备：假刺激

TES-TI假手术包括以相同频率接收所有电极的刺激。 假手术将包括施用经颅随机噪声刺激（TRN），随机振荡电流。 它还将包括没有刺激的时期和加速周期，然后没有刺激。

自我脱离量表

自我脱离将使用响铃任务来测量。 这个冥想任务由五个“钟声试验”组成。 在每次试验中，受试者将被要求集中注意力在铃声上，直到铃声消失，然后在声音消失后留下的空白处，尽可能长时间地休息（冥想条件）。 之后，受试者将回答一些旨在评估试验期间自我脱离程度的问题。 这是一个包含五个问题的表格，要求受试者按照 0-4 的等级对他们在之前的钟声试验中感知某事、想象某事、思考自己或思考某事的程度进行评分，然后进行评分试验期间他们情绪状态的效价从 1（高度消极）到 6（高度积极）。

皮质活动 - 伽马带功率的变化

伽玛波段功率将在刺激期间用 hdEEG 进行测量。 减少表明自我脱离程度更高。

皮质活动 - α 波段功率的变化

刺激期间将使用 hdEEG 测量 Alpha 波段功率。 增加表明自我脱离程度更高。

隐式关联任务：响应时间

IAT 是一种心理工具，旨在测量对象或概念的心理表征之间自动关联的强度。 IAT 通常涉及尽快将计算机屏幕上出现的单词或图像分类为不同的组。 例如，参与者可能会被要求将单词分类为“愉快”或“不愉快”，将图像分类为“年轻”或“年老”。 参与者对项目进行分类的速度至关重要。 更快的响应时间表明正在测试的类别之间的隐式关联更强。

隐式关联任务：以错误分类数量报告的准确性

IAT 是一种心理工具，旨在测量对象或概念的心理表征之间自动关联的强度。 IAT 通常涉及尽快将计算机屏幕上出现的单词或图像分类为不同的组。 例如，参与者可能会被要求将单词分类为“愉快”或“不愉快”，将图像分类为“年轻”或“年老”。 参与者完成 8 个区块，每组 24 项试验，包括两组，每组 4 个不一致区块和 4 个一致区块。 在每组块中，第一次试验作为练习试验。

隐式关联任务：D 分数

IAT 是一种心理工具，旨在测量对象或概念的心理表征之间自动关联的强度。 IAT 通常涉及尽快将计算机屏幕上出现的单词或图像分类为不同的组。 例如，参与者可能会被要求将单词分类为“愉快”或“不愉快”，将图像分类为“年轻”或“年老”。

这里报告的是 D 分数，用于衡量一致和不一致配对的平均响应时间之间的标准化差异，并根据错误数量进行调整。 它的范围通常是 -2 到 2。接近零的分数表示无私地处理恐惧。 正分数预计代表对恐惧的认同。 相反，负分预计代表对恐惧的负面自我参照评价。

快速判别任务：速度

快速辨别任务是一项认知任务，用于评估个体快速准确地区分不同刺激的能力。 参与者会受到一系列刺激，这些刺激的属性可能有所不同，例如形状、颜色、大小或情绪表达。 该任务要求参与者通常在时间限制下对刺激做出快速决定。

测量反应的速度和准确性来评估感知和认知能力。 对于快速辨别任务，使用 Eprime 呈现两个相邻的黑白几何形状。 在某些幻灯片中，这两个形状是相同的，而在其他幻灯片中，它们的不同之处在于形状的一条线或外边缘与另一条略有不同。 如果它们相同，则指示参与者按键盘上的“S”按钮，如果不同，则按键盘上的“L”按钮。 此操作将重复最多 25 分钟，直到任务结束。

快速判别任务：准确性

快速辨别任务是一项认知任务，用于评估个体快速准确地区分不同刺激的能力。 参与者会受到一系列刺激，这些刺激的属性可能有所不同，例如形状、颜色、大小或情绪表达。 该任务要求参与者通常在时间限制下对刺激做出快速决定。

测量反应的速度和准确性来评估感知和认知能力。 对于快速辨别任务，使用 Eprime 呈现两个相邻的黑白几何形状。 在某些幻灯片中，这两个形状是相同的，而在其他幻灯片中，它们的不同之处在于形状的一条线或外边缘与另一条略有不同。 如果它们相同，则指示参与者按键盘上的“S”按钮，如果不同，则按键盘上的“L”按钮。 此操作将重复最多 25 分钟，直到任务结束。

自发心理任务

睁眼或闭眼的参与者都会在蜂鸣声的提示下报告在声音响起之前他们脑海中最后想到的事情（图像、想法、感觉、情绪……）。 在这份开放式报告之后，参与者还将被要求根据 VAS 量表（例如，从 0 到 5）对他们的意识、心理内容的一些质量方面进行评分（例如，它是如何像思想或图像一样；或认知努力的程度）。

【VAS评分会报告吗？】

自动情绪调节任务

自动情绪调节（AER）任务旨在研究个体如何在无意识的情况下调节自己的情绪反应。 在此任务中，参与者在此实验图像中受到各种情绪刺激，这些刺激通常被分类为积极的（例如小狗或日落）、消极的（例如自然灾害或遇险者的图像） ，或中性（例如，椅子或建筑物的照片）。 这些刺激会迅速呈现，以最大限度地减少有意识的调节努力。

在任务期间，将记录功能性 MRI 数据。 目标是衡量参与者如何有效地自动调节他们的情绪反应。 数据分析侧重于比较不同情绪条件下的反应，以推断自动情绪调节的效率。

参与者将根据 VAS 量表（从 1 到 10）对每张图片引发的情感内容的强度进行评分，数字越高表示越强烈。

静息状态任务

参与者只需安静地休息，保持清醒但放松，记录大脑活动，不受任何外部刺激的影响。

每个体素内测量的信号基于血氧水平依赖性 (BOLD) 对比度，反映了与神经活动相关的血流和氧合作用的变化。

虽然静息状态活动可以帮助解释不同的任务状态，但它本身将主要作为一种衡量标准来评估参与者的基线大脑功能组织。

Big Five Aspects Scale (BFAS)

This is a 44-item inventory that measures five different personality traits by asking subjects to respond to various items (e.g., I see myself as someone who is talkative) on a scale from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly).

Fulfilled Life Scale (FLS)

This is a 32-item inventory that asks subjects to respond to various items (e.g., When I look back on my life, I feel deep inner contentment) on a scale from 1 (does not apply at all) to 6 (applies completely) and is designed to assess subjects' feelings of having lived a full life.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety

This is an 8-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 1-5 the frequency with which they have experienced components of anxiety in the last seven days. Higher scores reflect greater anxiety.

PROMIS Depression

This is an 8-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 1-5 the frequency with which they have experienced components of depression in the last seven days. Higher scores reflect greater depression.

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

This is a 10-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 0-4 the frequency with which they have felt various kinds of stress in the last month. Participants rate each item on a scale ranging from "Never (0)" to "Very often (4)". Seven of the items with positive statements are scored in reverse. As the scores obtained from the scale increase, the perceived stress level of the person increases. Scores range from 0-40.

Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB)

This is a 21-item inventory asking subjects to rate from 0-4 the extent to which they agree with various statements designed to assess their overall well-being. Scores range from 0-84 with higher scores indicating higher levels of well-being.

Psychological Wellbeing Scale (PWB)

The PWB Scale is a tool designed to measure various aspects of an individual's psychological well-being. The scale consists of 18 items and assesses six key dimensions of well-being: Autonomy - The ability to make independent decisions and resist social pressures; Environmental Mastery -The capacity to manage one's life and surrounding environment effectively; Personal Growth - A sense of continued development and realization of one's potential; Positive Relations with Others -The presence of meaningful, trusting relationships; Purpose in Life - Having goals and a sense of direction in life; Self-Acceptance - A positive attitude towards oneself and one's past life. There are three items per each dimension. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), higher scores indicate higher wellbeing.

IQSS Flourishing Measure

The Human Flourishing Measures is designed to assess various domains of human well-being and flourishing. Developed by the Human Flourishing Program at Harvard University, this measure aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's overall well-being, across different domains such as, health, life satisfaction, purpose, close relationships. The questionnaire consists of 12 items, rated from 0 (Strongly disagree) to 10 (Strongly agree). High scores imply that people perceive themselves very positively in terms of human flourishing.

Metacognitive Processes of Decentering Scale (MPoD)

The MPoD is designed to measure the ability to decenter from internal experiences. Decentering involves viewing thoughts and feelings as temporary and objective events in the mind, rather than as reflections of the self. Items are scored from 1 (never or very rarely) to 5 (very often or always) for a total range of scores from 15-75 where higher scores indicate higher levels of engagement with trait-like metacognitive processes of decentering.

Experiences Questionnaire (EQ)

This 20-item self-report measure assesses trait levels of decentering and rumination. Decentering refers to the ability to view one's thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events rather than reflections of the self. It is a key component of mindfulness and is often developed through meditation practices. The component Rumination includes items that measure the tendency to dwell on negative thoughts and feelings. For example, items might ask about the frequency of repetitive, negative thinking. Items are scored from 1 (never) to 5 (all the time) where higher scores indicate indicate higher decentering and rumination.

Self-Reflection Insight Scale (SRIS)

The SRIS is a psychometric tool designed to measure two critical components of self-awareness: self-reflection and insight. It provides a reliable means of assessing individuals' tendencies to engage in introspection and their ability to gain clear understanding from such introspection. Participants respond to each item using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate self-awareness.

Non-Attachment Scale (NAS)

NAS is designed to assess the extent to which individuals experience nonattachment in their daily lives. The NAS consists of 30 items that participants rate based on their agreement from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). The items are designed to capture various aspects of nonattachment, such as the ability to let go of thoughts and emotions, and the tendency to experience life without excessive clinging or aversion. Higher scores indicate more non-attachment.

Non-Attachment to Self Scale (NTS)

NTS is a psychological measure designed to assess the degree to which individuals are not fixated on self-related concepts, thoughts, and feelings. It captures the ability to interact with these self-related elements flexibly and without trying to control them. It is a single factor, 7-item scale, where each item is scored from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree). Higher scores indicate more non-attachment to self.

Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)

FFMQ is a comprehensive self-report instrument designed to assess mindfulness across five distinct dimensions. The FFMQ consists of 39 items, divided into five subscales, each representing a different facet of mindfulness: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, nonreactivity to inner experience. Participants respond to each item using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true). Higher scores on the FFMQ reflects a higher level of mindfulness (a better outcome).

Drexel Defusion Scale (DDS)

DDS is a psychometric instrument developed to measure the construct of defusion, which refers to the ability to achieve psychological distance from internal experiences such as thoughts and feelings. Participants respond to each item using a six-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 5 (very much), for a total possible range of scores from 0-50, higher scores indicate increased ability to defuse.

Relationship Questionnaire (RQ)

RQ is a self-report instrument designed to assess various dimensions of interpersonal relationship styles. The RQ consists of 4 items, each describing a specific relationship style. Participants rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from "1 = Strongly Disagree" to "7 = Strongly Agree."

UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS)

ULS is a widely used tool designed to measure an individual's subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. The scale consists of 20 items. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Never) to 4 (Often). Some items are reverse-scored to control for response bias. The total score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater levels of loneliness.

Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)

SCS, developed by Richard M. Lee and Steven B. Robbins in 1995, is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the extent to which individuals feel connected to others in their social environment. The scale assesses feelings of closeness and belongingness, which are crucial for psychological well-being. The scale consists of 20 items. Each item is rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate a greater sense of social connectedness, while lower scores suggest feelings of social isolation or disconnection.

Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ)

ASQ is a self-report measure designed to assess adult attachment styles. This questionnaire helps identify how individuals typically think, feel, and behave in close relationships. The ASQ consists of 40 items rated on 6-point Likert Scale (1 Totally disagree - 6 Totally Agree). It measures five dimensions of attachment, that is, confidence, discomfort with closeness, need for approval, preoccupation with relationship, relationship as secondary.

Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS)

EIS is designed to measure the ability to identify, assess, and manage the emotions of oneself, others, and groups. The EIS consists of 33 items. Participants rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate higher emotional intelligence.

Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)

BIS-11 is a widely used self-report measure designed to assess the personality/behavioral construct of impulsiveness. The BIS-11 consists of 30 items, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (rarely/never) to 4 (almost always/always).

The BIS-11 measures three primary dimensions of impulsiveness:

1. Attentional Impulsiveness: Difficulty focusing attention and a tendency to make quick decisions.
2. Motor Impulsiveness: Acting on the spur of the moment and a lack of perseverance.
3. Non-Planning Impulsiveness: A lack of forethought or consideration of future consequences.

Each of these dimensions is further broken down into subscales, providing a detailed profile of an individual's impulsivity traits. The total score ranges from 30 to 120, with higher scores indicating higher levels of impulsiveness.

Dickman Impulsivity Inventory (DII)

DII is a self-report measure designed to assess two distinct types of impulsivity: functional impulsivity and dysfunctional impulsivity. Functional Impulsivity is characterized by the tendency to act quickly and effectively in situations where such behavior is beneficial.

Dysfunctional Impulsivity involves acting with less forethought than most people, leading to negative outcomes. The DII consists of 23 items that are true or false statements. Each true statement is scored as 1. The scores for each subscale (functional impulsivity and dysfunctional impulsivity) are summed, with higher scores indicating higher levels of functional or dysfunctional impulsivity.

Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)

VVIQ is a tool developed to assess the vividness of an individual's visual imagination. Items are scored on a 5-point Likert Scale from 1 (no image at all) to 5 (Perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision). The questionnaire includes scenarios such as visualizing a friend's face, a rising sun, and other common scenes to gauge the vividness of the mental images. Higher scores indicate more vivid visual imagery.