老年股骨远端

Single implant fixation with either a precontoured lateral locking plate or an intramedullary nail which is the current standard of care.

Lateral precontoured 4.5 mm distal femur plate or an intramedullary nail at the surgeon's discretion. Standard-of-care techniques will be used by the surgeon for fracture reduction and implant placement.

Dual implant fixation with either a lateral locking plate plus an intramedullary nail or a lateral locking plate plus a supplemental medial plate which is the current standard of care.

Lateral precontoured distal femur plate and either (1) an intramedullary nail or (2) a medial plate. The medial plate must span the extra-articular portion of the fracture and must have stiffness of a 3.5 mm reconstruction plate, 3.5 mm limited contact dynamic compression plate, or greater.

Union, as determined by the treating surgeon, will be assessed via radiographs and documented as a dichotomous outcome (yes/no), and time to union will also be captured. Nonunion will be captured via surgeon diagnosis or return to the operating room for nonunion treatment.

The total surgical time during any reoperations will be collected from the medical record.

Details regarding reoperations will also be collected, whether or not the operation results in an inpatient admission.

Healthcare utilization, including all hospitalizations, emergency department visits, clinic visits, imaging, and physical therapy sessions after the index stay following injury will be documented at all follow-up visits.

Completion of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The IPAQ is a validated, self-report measure that captures detailed information about participation in a wide range of physical activities, including the number of days and amount of time spent in the previous 7 days. Responses for each type of physical activity are then transformed into the number of Metabolic Equivalent for Tasks (METs), and a METs/week is calculated for each patient. To get a continuous variable score from the IPAQ (MET minutes a week) it is considered walking to be 3.3 METS, moderate physical activity to be 4 METS and vigorous physical activity to be 8 METS. Higher scores meaning more activity.

Completion of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The IPAQ is a validated, self-report measure that captures detailed information about participation in a wide range of physical activities, including the number of days and amount of time spent in the previous 7 days. Responses for each type of physical activity are then transformed into the number of Metabolic Equivalent for Tasks (METs), and a METs/week is calculated for each patient. To get a continuous variable score from the IPAQ (MET minutes a week) it is considered walking to be 3.3 METS, moderate physical activity to be 4 METS and vigorous physical activity to be 8 METS. Higher scores meaning more activity.

Completion of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The IPAQ is a validated, self-report measure that captures detailed information about participation in a wide range of physical activities, including the number of days and amount of time spent in the previous 7 days. Responses for each type of physical activity are then transformed into the number of Metabolic Equivalent for Tasks (METs), and a METs/week is calculated for each patient. To get a continuous variable score from the IPAQ (MET minutes a week) it is considered walking to be 3.3 METS, moderate physical activity to be 4 METS and vigorous physical activity to be 8 METS. Higher scores meaning more activity.

Completion of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The IPAQ is a validated, self-report measure that captures detailed information about participation in a wide range of physical activities, including the number of days and amount of time spent in the previous 7 days. Responses for each type of physical activity are then transformed into the number of Metabolic Equivalent for Tasks (METs), and a METs/week is calculated for each patient. To get a continuous variable score from the IPAQ (MET minutes a week) it is considered walking to be 3.3 METS, moderate physical activity to be 4 METS and vigorous physical activity to be 8 METS. Higher scores meaning more activity.

Use of an assistive device will be abstracted from the medical record and/or collected via patient interview at each follow up time point.

The prescribed weightbearing status will be captured from discharge instructions and clinic notes.

Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) will be utilized to measure fear of movement. This scale is 17 items and uses a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree'. The TSK is a validated measure for surgical and musculoskeletal patients. The 17 item TSK total scores range from 17 to 68 where the lowest 17 means no or negligible kinesiophobia, and the higher scores indicate an increasing degree of kinesiophobia.

The PROMIS-29 includes seven domains: depression, anxiety, physical function, pain interference, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and ability to participate in social roles and activities. A 5-point Likert scale is used for each question and norm-based total scores (range 0-100) have been calculated so that 50 represents the mean and one standard deviation is 10 points. Higher scores represent better function.

The VR-12 is a measure of global health that corresponds to seven domains: general health, physical functioning, role limitations, pain, fatigue, social functioning, and mental health. Scores range from 0 to 100. 0 indicates the lowest level of health and 100 indicates the highest level of health.

The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI) questionnaire is an instrument to measure impairments in both paid work and unpaid work. It measures absenteeism, presenteeism as well as the impairments in unpaid activity because of health problem during the past seven days. WPAI outcomes are expressed as impairment percentages, with higher numbers indicating greater impairment and less productivity.

Patients will be asked to rate their current pain on a visual analog scale. In a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), patients are asked to circle the number between 0 and 10, 0 and 20 or 0 and 100 that fits best to their pain intensity. Zero usually represents 'no pain at all' whereas the upper limit represents 'the worst pain ever possible'.

Pain will be assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The BPI is a commonly used and validated 15-item measure of pain intensity and interference with daily life. The BPI measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities, including general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with others, and sleep. BPI pain interference is typically scored as the mean of the seven interference items. Pain Score: 1 - 4 = Mild Pain. Worst Pain Score: 5 - 6 = Moderate Pain. Worst Pain Score: 7 - 10 = Severe Pain. Higher scores meaning higher pain.

The PROMIS-29 scales will be scored using a T-score metric method. A score of 50 points represents the population average for each scale, and 10 points represent one standard deviation - scores (range 0-100). Higher scores means a higher level of pain interference.

If PTOA is present, Kellgren Lawrence (KL) classification will be assessed by the panel of reviewers and documented. Higher scores represent worse PTOA. Grade 0 - Normal articular cartilage. Grade I - Softening and swelling. Grade II - Fragmentation and fissuring of less than 0.5 inches. Grade III - Fragmentation and fissuring of greater than 0.5 inches. Grade IV - Erosion down to the subchondral bone.

If PTOA is present, the Paley Grading System (PGS) will be assessed by the panel of reviewers and documented. Higher scores represent worse PTOA. Standard joint space with no evidence of degeneration was set as Grade 0. Normal joint space with the occurrence of osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, and cysts was set as Grade 1. Joint space narrowing was set as Grade 2. Disappeared joint space was set as Grade 3.

This scale has been validated in many studies and is unique in that it is tailored to a geriatric population by distinguishing between undiagnosed dementia and depression. Patients will also complete this scale to measure depression as part of health-related quality of life. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) includes a total score range of 0 to 15. A score of 5 or more suggests depression. A score of 6 on this scale has a 94% sensitivity and 85% specificity for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosed depression.

To evaluate pain medication as a confounder to pain scores and complications MME will be calculated at each time point. To assess MME as a confounder, MME will be compared by treatment group at each time point.

The total surgical time during the index surgery will be collected from the medical record

Total hospital days, including the index hospitalization and any subsequent inpatient stays will be captured