儿童数字骨内麻醉与手动韧带内麻醉的比较

Before the restorative treatment of mandibular first molar, SOPIRA® 30 gauge extra-short cartridge needle attached to the tip of the SOPIRA® Citoject (SOPIRA® Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Almanya) pressure injector will be inserted into the periodontal sulcus 1-2 mm until resistance. The needle will be at an angle of 30 degrees to the long axis of the tooth. As recommended by the manufacturer, a total of 0.36 ml (mesiobuccal and distobuccal) 4% articaine solution containing 1:100,000 epinephrine (Ultracaine DS forte cartridge, Sanofi-Aventis GmbH, Almanya) will be injected slowly over 42 seconds by pressing the dosing lever 3 times for each root. If the anaesthesia will be failed, we would use the 4-point IL injection by injecting the mesiolingual sulcus and distolingual sulcus with the same technique.

Anesthesia One tooth anaesthesia by 2 or 4 points intraligamentary injection

• 2或4点韧带内注射

For the digital intraosseous anesthesia technique, the handpiece will be stabilized by holding it as close to the needle as possible and maintaining firm support on the device holder to ensure maximum precision. To enhance the accuracy of movements, stable intraoral finger rests will be used throughout the procedure. The Effitec needle will be positioned at the papillary apex and oriented toward the area between the apices of the two adjacent teeth.

To maintain correct needle positioning and prevent rotational movement, the handpiece will be held nearly parallel to the gingival tissues. Penetration will be directed toward the center of the interdental septum. When the needle enters the cancellous bone, a characteristic sensation similar to cracking an eggshell may be perceived. Before initiating the injection, the needle will be slightly withdrawn to ensure proper placement and avoid excessive penetration.

Anesthesia for one tooth using computer-controlled single-point injection into cancellous bone

Subjective pain perception measured using a 0-10 Visual Analog Scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain). Pain is assessed during injection and during dental treatment.

Subjective pain perception measured using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (0-10), where higher scores indicate greater pain. Pain is assessed during injection and during dental treatment.

Heart rate measured using a pulse oximeter (beats per minute, bpm).

Arterial oxygen saturation measured using a pulse oximeter (%).

Clinician-reported outcomes including need for additional anesthesia, presence of discomfort during treatment, and successful completion of the procedure without pain.

Presence of postoperative complications related to local anesthesia.

Correlation between pain scores measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0-10) and Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (0-10) following local anesthetic injection in children aged 6-12 years. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.