Optimal Management of HIV Infected Adults at Risk for Kidney Complications in Nigeria (R3)

June 6, 2025 updated by: C. William Wester, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
In this study, the Investigators plan to determine the optimal means to prevent or slow the progression of kidney disease among genetically at-risk northern Nigerian HIV-infected adults. Based on data from studies of diabetic kidney disease that used medications that block the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), we plan to evaluate whether or not RAAS inhibition (using a widely available medication that blocks RAAS) in HIV-infected adults produces similarly promising results.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Terminated

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

Individuals of African descent have a much higher risk for glomerular diseases. Specifically, there are two risk variants in the chromosome 22 APOL1 gene (G1/G2) and persons possessing 2 copies of these risk variants (G1/G1, G1/G2, or G2/G2), referred to as the high-risk (HR) genotype, are at high risk for non-diabetic kidney disease. Kopp et al. have shown that the APOL1 high-risk genotype confers sizeable odds ratios (OR) for FSGS (OR = 17), HIVAN (OR = 29 in the US; 89 in S. Africa), and hypertension-attributed end stage kidney disease (OR = 7). The presence of these risk variants is highest in West Africa, and specifically in Nigeria among persons of Hausa, Fulani, and Igbo descent. In the setting of untreated HIV infection, we have estimated that ~50% of individuals carrying the APOL1 HR genotype will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is limited availability of dialysis and kidney transplantation in Nigeria, and most individuals will die soon after developing ESKD. Markers of kidney disease include microalbuminuria, proteinuria, and/or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). All 3 have been associated with increased mortality in HIV+ adults. Increased urinary albumin excretion has diagnostic and prognostic value in the identification and confirmation of renal disease, and changes in albuminuria can be useful in assessing treatment efficacy as well as disease progression. Microalbuminuria, i.e., urine albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR) in the 30-300 mg/g range, is likely the earliest stage of CKD, analogous to diabetic microalbuminuria. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is the central player in the pathophysiology of CKD and blocking RAAS with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) is a well-recognized strategy to slow or halt renal disease progression in diabetics with CKD. To determine whether the presence of APOL1 HR genotype alters or predicts responsiveness to conventional therapy and if the addition of an ACEi to standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the risk for renal complications among West African adults, we will screen 2,600 HIV+ ART-experienced adults; to conduct the following Specific Aims:

  1. To determine the prevalence of APOL1 renal risk variants and assess whether APOL1 HR status correlates with prevalent albuminuria, eGFR, and/or prevalent CKD in a West African population.
  2. To assess whether RAAS inhibition (with the ACEi lisinopril) in addition to ART, compared to the existing standard-of-care (SOC), will significantly reduce the incidence of additional kidney disease manifestations. We will randomize ART-experienced (6+ months) adults with prevalent microalbuminuria (uACR 30-300 mg/g) and an eGFR of > 30 ml/min/1.73m2 to lisinopril (n=140) vs. SOC (n=140); and
  3. To determine whether the APOL1 HR genotype is associated with worse longitudinal renal outcomes in Nigerians with prevalent albuminuria.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
66

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

  • Nigeria
      • Kano, Nigeria
        • Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years to 70 years (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion criteria:

  • Participated in Study Aim 1
  • 18-70 years of age
  • HIV-positive (as documented by HIV-1 ELISA testing)
  • On ART for a minimum of six (6) months AND having a suppressed plasma viral load result (< 20 copies/mL) within the past 6 months
  • Average uACR between 30-300 mg/g (based on 2 uACRs [first morning voids], with the second obtained 4-8 weeks after the first specimen)(NOTE: All aim 1 screened patients having a uACR value > 300 mg/g will undergo urine dipstick analysis for aim 2 eligibility, and if their urine dipstick results reveals ≥ 2+ protein, then they will be considered ineligible (no additional uACR testing will be necessary to determine eligibility)
  • eGFR = >60 ml/min/1.73m2 (using CKD-EPI-Cr-CyC equation) AND
  • If female, non-pregnant (documentation of negative urine pregnancy test) and not breastfeeding/lactating

Exclusion criteria:

  • Pregnant or currently breastfeeding
  • eGFR of <60 ml/min/1.73m2 (using CKD-EPI-Cr-CyC equation)
  • Average uACR > 300 mg/g (based on 2 uACRs [first morning voids], with the second obtained 4-8 weeks after the first specimen)
  • K+ >5.0 meEq/L or reasons to be concerned about hyperkalemia
  • Known history of Diabetes diabetes mellitus (would qualify for treatment with an ACEi/ARB)
  • Poorly controlled hypertension (≥3 BP readings >160/110 in past 3 6 months)
  • Known history of Congestive congestive heart failure (chronic)
  • Average uACR (calculated on values obtained from 2 successive measures 4-8 weeks apart) of < 30 mg/g OR > 300 mg/g
  • Relative symptomatic hypotension (BP <90/60)
  • Currently receiving an ACEi and/or ARB; OR
  • Lack of suitability as a study candidate (i.e. active substance use disorder, active use of potentially nephrotoxic medication(s) (i.e. traditional medicines, etc.) and/or consistent alcohol, drug, and/or traditional medication use, and/or history of poor compliance (i.e. multiple missed scheduled clinic appointments, etc.)

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Quadruple

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Active Medication (Intervention arm)
ACE-inhibitor lisinopril
Drug: Lisinopril
ACE-inhibitor (lisinopril)(intervention arm
Other Names:
  • Intervention arm
Placebo Comparator: Placebo comparator (Control arm)
Matched placebo
Other: Placebo Oral Tablet
Comparator placebo (control arm)
Other Names:
  • Control arm

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Regression From Microalbuminuria (uACR 30-300) to Normoalbuminuria (uACR < 30 mg/g) by Study Arm
Time Frame: 2 years
Proportion of study participants regressing from microalbuminuria (uACR 30-300) to normoalbuminuria (uACR < 30 mg/g) by study arm
2 years
Progression From Microalbuminuria (uACR 30-300) to Macroalbuminuria (uACR > 300 mg/g) by Study Arm
Time Frame: 2 years
Proportion of study participants progressing from microalbuminuria (uACR 30-300) to macroalbuminuria (uACR > 300 mg/g) by study arm
2 years
Mean Change in Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (uACR)
Time Frame: 2 years
Mean change in urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR) among study participants at study timepoints by study arm
2 years

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Doubling of Serum Creatinine From Baseline
Time Frame: 2 years
Worsening renal function (as measured by serum creatinine)
2 years
All-cause Mortality
Time Frame: 2 years
Mortality (All-cause) by study arm
2 years
Proportion Experiencing a 40% Decline in eGFR
Time Frame: 2 years
Proportion with 40% decline in eGFR (measured using CKD-EPI-Cr-CyC equation)
2 years
Mean Change in eGFR Over Time
Time Frame: 2 years
Mean change in eGFR (measured using CKD-EPI-Cr-CyC equation)
2 years
Change in Clinical/Performance Status as Ascertained Via World Health Organization Quality of Life HIV (WHOQOL-HIV) Scale
Time Frame: Baseline, 1 year, 2 years
WHOQOL-HIV scale evaluates quality of life based on physical, psychological, social, environmental, and spiritual domains, as well as level of independence. We will use the 31-question version, with each question rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Scores of questions within each domain are averaged to get domain score, and final score is mean of domain scores multiplied by 4. Final score ranges from 4 to 20, with 20 being optimal.
Baseline, 1 year, 2 years
Change in Clinical/Performance Status as Ascertained Via Karnofsky Performance Score
Time Frame: Baseline, 1 year, 2 years
Karnofsky Performance Score measures change in clinical/performance status with values ranging from 0 to 100, where 100 is perfect health and 0 is death.
Baseline, 1 year, 2 years

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
SAIC-Frederick, Inc.

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: C. William Wester, MD, MPH, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
  • Principal Investigator: Muktar H. Aliyu, MD, DrPH, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
April 1, 2021

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
November 30, 2021

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
February 1, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
June 22, 2017

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 26, 2017

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
June 28, 2017

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
June 26, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
June 6, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
June 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • Vanderbilt_University MC
  • U01DK112271 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Plan Description

Investigative team will work with study biostatisticians, DSMB members, and collaborators to release analysis scripts (with publications) and devise an IPD sharing plan at/near study completion.

IPD Sharing Time Frame

Approximately 6 months after collection of the final patient data.

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Deidentified data will be available after the conclusion of the study for investigators who are approved by the trial leadership at VUMC, AKTH, and NIH.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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