A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD (PAIVED)

March 13, 2026 updated by: Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
A total of 18,000 eligible subjects (or 6,000 subject distributed evenly between the 3 study arms) will be enrolled. Eligible subjects will be randomized in 1:1:1 (cell-culture-based vaccine, the recombinant vaccine, or the egg-based vaccine) over four influenza seasons (2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, and 2021-2022).

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Active, not recruiting

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Detailed Description

This four-year, pragmatic, prospective study will compare the effectiveness of licensed egg-based inactivated influenza vaccines to the effectiveness of two other types of licensed vaccines, the cell-culture based inactivated influenza vaccine and the recombinant influenza vaccine, in the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in active duty members, military retirees, and other DoD beneficiaries. Military treatment facilities (MTFs) in the United States will participate in this protocol. Enrollment will be restricted to adults (≥18 years and older) who are preparing to receive seasonal influenza vaccination at participating DoD sites. Subjects will be randomized to receive one of the three licensed influenza vaccines types for evaluation of effectiveness. There is no exclusion for pregnancy, as none of these licensed products are contraindicated in pregnant women.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
15448

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • California
      • San Diego, California, United States, 34800
        • Naval Medical Center San Diego
    • Maryland
      • Annapolis, Maryland, United States, 21402
        • United States Naval Academy
      • Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20814
        • Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
      • Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20307
        • USU
    • North Carolina
      • Fort Bragg, North Carolina, United States, 28310
        • Womack Army Medical Center
    • Texas
      • Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States, 78234
        • Brooke Army Medical Center
      • San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78243
        • Lackland Airforce Base
    • Virginia
      • Portsmouth, Virginia, United States, 23704
        • Naval Medical Center Portsmouth
    • Washington
      • Tacoma, Washington, United States, 98431
        • Madigan Army Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

14 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Eligible for care in Department of Defense medical facilities (Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System eligible)
  2. ≥18 years of age.
  3. At a participating Military Treatment Facility site for the purpose of receiving a seasonal (2018-2019, 2019-2020,2020-2021, 2021-2022) influenza vaccination.
  4. Able to speak English and able to provide informed consent
  5. Able to receive and respond to texts and/or emails, or a military recruit

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Adults intending to receive or who have received the current seasons FluMist Vaccine (LAIV)
  2. Adults who have already received a flu vaccine within the current season
  3. Individual who cannot receive a flu vaccine or standard dosing due to another medical condition
  4. Allergic to gentamicin, polymyxin and/or neomycin
  5. Individuals who fail to meet the inclusion criteria

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Active Comparator: Egg based influenza vaccines
Quadrivalent egg-based vaccines, which contain an inactivated form of the virus. Vaccines will be given to the participant in accordance with standard clinical practices for those in the US military. All egg-based vaccines are FDA licensed for use in the United States.
Biological: Egg based influenza vaccines
Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three vaccine types in accordance with standard clinical practices for those in the US military. All vaccines are FDA licensed for use in the United States.
Active Comparator: Recombinant influenza vaccines
FluBlok, recombinant HA influenza vaccine. Vaccines will be given to the participant in accordance with standard clinical practices for those in the US military. Flublok Quadrivalent is a quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine that has been licensed by the FDA for use in the United States.
Biological: Recombinant influenza vaccines
Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three vaccine types in accordance with standard clinical practices for those in the US military. All vaccines are FDA licensed for use in the United States.
Active Comparator: Cell-culture based influenza vaccines
Flucelvax, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-cell-culture based inactivated influenza vaccine. Vaccines will be given to the participant in accordance with standard clinical practices for those in the US military. Flucelvax quadrivalent, the only cell-based flu vaccine FDA licensed for use in the United States.
Biological: Cell-culture based influenza vaccines
Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three vaccine types in accordance with standard clinical practices for those in the US military. All vaccines are FDA licensed for use in the United States.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Number of Participants With Laboratory Confirmed Influenza
Time Frame: Onset > 13 days after vaccination up to 1 year
Laboratory-confirmed influenza as ascertained by a sensitive and specific assay.
Onset > 13 days after vaccination up to 1 year

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Titer Responses to Influenza Vaccine Strains.
Time Frame: Baseline to 21-35 days post vaccine
Strain-specific seroconversion rate determined by reference hemagglutination inhibition assay.
Baseline to 21-35 days post vaccine
Pseudovirion Neutralization (PVN) Responses to Influenza Vaccine.
Time Frame: Baseline to 21-35 days post vaccine
Neutralizing antibody responses (4-fold rise) to HA-psuedoviruses corresponding to vaccine-matched viruses, recently circulating influenza virus, and emerging influenza strain.
Baseline to 21-35 days post vaccine
Anti-Neuraminidase (Anti-NA) Titer Responses to Influenza Vaccine.
Time Frame: Baseline to 21-35 days post vaccine
Anti-Neuraminidase (Anti-NA) titer responses determined by enzyme linked immuno-assay.
Baseline to 21-35 days post vaccine
Number of Participants With Influenza-Like Illness
Time Frame: Onset > 13 days after vaccination up to 1 year
Rate of protocol defined influenza-like illness ascertained by participant response to active surveillance.
Onset > 13 days after vaccination up to 1 year

Other Outcome Measures

Other Outcome Measures

For clinical trials, a planned measurement described in the protocol that is used to determine the effect of an intervention/treatment on participants. For observational studies, a measurement or observation that is used to describe patterns of diseases or traits, or associations with exposures, risk factors, or treatment. Types of outcome measures include primary outcome measure and secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Number of Participants With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Co-Infection
Time Frame: Onset > 13 days after influenza vaccination up until one year
Laboratory-confirmed SARS CoV2, and SARS CoV2 plus influenza co-infection, as ascertained by nasal swab PCR.
Onset > 13 days after influenza vaccination up until one year
Symptom Severity of SARS CoV2
Time Frame: onset >13 days after Influenza vaccination up to 1 year
Symptom severity scores were reported by participants using FLU-PRO Plus (Influenza Patient Reported Outcomes), a standardized instrument developed to measure the intensity and frequency of viral respiratory tract symptoms. FluPRO Plus symptom scores range from 0 ("not at all") to 4 ("very much"), with higher scores indicating greater severity.
onset >13 days after Influenza vaccination up to 1 year

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Naval Health Research Center
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
US Department of Defense Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center
Defense Health Agency

Investigators

Investigators

A researcher involved in a clinical study. Related terms include site principal investigator, site sub-investigator, study chair, study director, and study principal investigator.
  • Principal Investigator: Timothy Burgess, MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
  • Study Director: Rhonda Colombo, MD, Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Program

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
November 6, 2018

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
July 7, 2022

Study Completion (Estimated)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
June 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
November 2, 2018

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
November 6, 2018

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
November 7, 2018

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
April 2, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
March 13, 2026

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
March 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • IDCRP-120
  • AAI1201200007000 (Other Grant/Funding Number: NIAID)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

IPD Plan Description

Investigative team members with knowledge and experience with statistical and scientific procedures will de-identify PHI and prepare the data set to be shared.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

Yes

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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