The Influence of Energy Density and Information on Meal Intake in Adults

December 8, 2021 updated by: Barbara J. Rolls, Penn State University

Lunch Meal Study for Men and Women

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how energy density and cognitive framing of satiation using food information can influence consumption at a meal. This study also aims to investigate the influence of energy density and food information on sensory specific satiety (the decline in the subjective pleasantness of a food as it is eaten).

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Terminated

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
11

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Pennsylvania
      • University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802
        • Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, The Pennsylvania State University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

20 years to 55 years (Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Ability to attend all test meals
  • Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19
  • Regularly eat 3 meals/day
  • Being willing to avoid alcohol the day before and during test days
  • Have a body mass index greater than 18.0 kg/meters squared
  • Being willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Being a smoker
  • Being an athlete in training
  • Being pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening
  • Have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months
  • Dislike or inability to eat the test foods
  • Currently dieting to gain or lose weight
  • Have a health condition that affects appetite
  • Have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year
  • Being a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Lower Energy Density & Lower Satiation
Test meal with lower energy density and lower satiation information
Other: Lower Energy Density
Test meal with lower energy density
Other: Lower Satiation
Information on lower satiation
Experimental: Lower Energy Density & Higher Satiation
Test meal with lower energy density and higher satiation information
Other: Lower Energy Density
Test meal with lower energy density
Other: Higher Satiation
Information on higher satiation
Experimental: Higher Energy Density & Lower Satiation
Test meal with higher energy density and lower satiation information
Other: Lower Satiation
Information on lower satiation
Other: Higher Energy Density
Test meal with higher energy density
Experimental: Higher Energy Density & Higher Satiation
Test meal with higher energy density and higher satiation information
Other: Higher Satiation
Information on higher satiation
Other: Higher Energy Density
Test meal with higher energy density

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in food intake by weight
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Weight of food consumed measured in grams (g)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in energy intake
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Energy content of food consumed measured in kilocalories (kcal)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in palatability rating of food samples
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference between post-meal and pre-meal palatability of the food samples measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) to assess Sensory-Specific Satiety
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in prospective consumption rating of food samples
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference between post-meal and pre-meal prospective consumption of food samples measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) to assess Sensory-Specific Satiety
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in hunger rating
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference between post-meal and pre-meal hunger measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in fullness rating
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference between post-meal and pre-meal fullness measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in test meal prospective consumption rating
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference in prospective consumption measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in test meal fillingness rating
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference in fillingness measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in test meal palatability rating
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference in palatability of the test meal measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in estimation of proportion of test meal consumed
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference in estimation of proportion of test meal consumed measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in estimation of energy content of test meal consumed
Time Frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Difference in estimation of energy content of test meal consumed measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)
Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Penn State University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
August 3, 2021

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
November 8, 2021

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
November 8, 2021

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
March 11, 2020

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
May 26, 2020

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
May 28, 2020

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
December 29, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
December 8, 2021

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
December 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • FoodED601

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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