The Influence of Energy Density and Information on Meal Intake in Adults

Lunch Meal Study for Men and Women

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how energy density and cognitive framing of satiation using food information can influence consumption at a meal. This study also aims to investigate the influence of energy density and food information on sensory specific satiety (the decline in the subjective pleasantness of a food as it is eaten).

Study Overview

• Status: Terminated
• Conditions: Feeding Behavior
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Lower Energy Density; Other: Lower Satiation; Other: Higher Satiation; Other: Higher Energy Density

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 11
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802
      • Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, The Pennsylvania State University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 20 years to 55 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ability to attend all test meals
• Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19
• Regularly eat 3 meals/day
• Being willing to avoid alcohol the day before and during test days
• Have a body mass index greater than 18.0 kg/meters squared
• Being willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions

Exclusion Criteria:

• Being a smoker
• Being an athlete in training
• Being pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening
• Have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months
• Dislike or inability to eat the test foods
• Currently dieting to gain or lose weight
• Have a health condition that affects appetite
• Have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year
• Being a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Lower Energy Density & Lower Satiation; Test meal with lower energy density and lower satiation information	Other: Lower Energy Density; Test meal with lower energy density; Other: Lower Satiation; Information on lower satiation
Experimental: Lower Energy Density & Higher Satiation; Test meal with lower energy density and higher satiation information	Other: Lower Energy Density; Test meal with lower energy density; Other: Higher Satiation; Information on higher satiation
Experimental: Higher Energy Density & Lower Satiation; Test meal with higher energy density and lower satiation information	Other: Lower Satiation; Information on lower satiation; Other: Higher Energy Density; Test meal with higher energy density
Experimental: Higher Energy Density & Higher Satiation; Test meal with higher energy density and higher satiation information	Other: Higher Satiation; Information on higher satiation; Other: Higher Energy Density; Test meal with higher energy density

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in food intake by weight	Weight of food consumed measured in grams (g)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in energy intake	Energy content of food consumed measured in kilocalories (kcal)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in palatability rating of food samples	Difference between post-meal and pre-meal palatability of the food samples measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) to assess Sensory-Specific Satiety	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in prospective consumption rating of food samples	Difference between post-meal and pre-meal prospective consumption of food samples measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) to assess Sensory-Specific Satiety	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in hunger rating	Difference between post-meal and pre-meal hunger measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in fullness rating	Difference between post-meal and pre-meal fullness measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in test meal prospective consumption rating	Difference in prospective consumption measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in test meal fillingness rating	Difference in fillingness measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in test meal palatability rating	Difference in palatability of the test meal measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in estimation of proportion of test meal consumed	Difference in estimation of proportion of test meal consumed measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in estimation of energy content of test meal consumed	Difference in estimation of energy content of test meal consumed measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm)	Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Penn State University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 3, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 8, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): November 8, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 11, 2020
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 26, 2020
• First Posted (Actual): May 28, 2020

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 29, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 8, 2021
• Last Verified: December 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: FoodED601

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No