Telerehabilitation-based Motor Imagery in Nonspecific Low Back Pain

July 18, 2025 updated by: Muhammed Zahid Uz, Izmir Katip Celebi University

Investigation of the Effects of Telerehabilitation-based Motor Imagery Training in Patients With Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Low back pain is a common problem in society and causes loss of workforce. Its lifetime prevalence reaches 80% and annual hospital admission rates in the adult population reach 15%.Most studies on motor imagery suggested the effects of motor imagery are related to neuroplastic changes in the brain. Studies have shown that similar brain regions are activated during motor imagery and real movement. However, the level of evidence about the effect of motor imagery on autonomic functions is limited. Today, interest in telerehabilitation has increased due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of telerehabilitation-based motor imagery training in patients with non-specific low back pain.

Study Overview

Status

Status

Indicates the current recruitment status or the expanded access status.
Completed

Conditions

Conditions

The disease, disorder, syndrome, illness, or injury that is being studied. On ClinicalTrials.gov, conditions may also include other health-related issues, such as lifespan, quality of life, and health risks.

Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.

Study Type

Study Type

Describes the nature of a clinical study. Study types include interventional studies (also called clinical trials), observational studies (including patient registries), and expanded access.
Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

Enrollment

The number of participants in a clinical study. The "anticipated" enrollment is the target number of participants that the researchers need for the study.
54

Phase

Phase

The stage of a clinical trial studying a drug or biological product, based on definitions developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The phase is based on the study's objective, the number of participants, and other characteristics. There are five phases: Early Phase 1 (formerly listed as Phase 0), Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4. Not Applicable is used to describe trials without FDA-defined phases, including trials of devices or behavioral interventions.
  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact

The name and contact information for the person who can answer enrollment questions for a clinical study. Each location where the study is being conducted may also have a specific contact, who may be better able to answer those questions.

Study Locations

  • Turkey
      • İzmir, Turkey
        • Bilge Kara

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

The key requirements that people who want to participate in a clinical study must meet or the characteristics they must have. Eligibility criteria consist of both inclusion criteria (which are required for a person to participate in the study) and exclusion criteria (which prevent a person from participating). Types of eligibility criteria include whether a study accepts healthy volunteers, has age or age group requirements, or is limited by sex.

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Those who can read and write
  • Patients who have not undergone surgery
  • Those with a body mass index less than 30 m2/kg
  • To have sufficient computer knowledge to participate in the study or to have a relative who can help in this regard
  • Having a computer and active internet connection at home

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Medically uncontrolled and uncooperative patients
  • Patients who have undergone surgery to the lumbar region
  • History of falling in the last 6 months
  • Those with serious orthopedic, vascular, neurological, psychiatric problems affecting balance
  • Active malignancy
  • Pregnancy
  • Having severe vision and hearing problems

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Participant Group / Arm

A group or subgroup of participants in a clinical trial that receives a specific intervention/treatment, or no intervention, according to the trial's protocol.
Intervention / Treatment

Intervention / Treatment

A process or action that is the focus of a clinical study. Interventions include drugs, medical devices, procedures, vaccines, and other products that are either investigational or already available. Interventions can also include noninvasive approaches, such as education or modifying diet and exercise.
Experimental: Telerehabilitation-based motor imagery group
Behavioral: Telerehabilitation-based motor imagery group Participants in the Telerehabilitation-based motor imagery group will imagine for the lumbar region exercises (e.g. bridges, knee-to-chest stretches, pelvic tilts) in the sessions in home using the study audio-video motor imagery script for 2 times per week; 30 min per day for 10 weeks. Phone calls will be performed for support and as a reminder for the assessment (after one week). In addition, the participants will be given stabilization exercises In addition, the participants will be given stabilization exercises for 10 weeks for 40 minutes, 2 days a week.
Behavioral: Telerehabilitation-based motor imagery training
10 weeks of motor imagery training and stabilization exercises.
Behavioral: Stabilization exercises group
10 weeks of stabilization exercises.
Active Comparator: Stabilization Exercises group
Behavioral: Stabilization Exercises group An exercise program consisting of lumbar stabilization exercises for the participants will be planned for the pelvic ring muscles to develop the neutral lumbar spine. Co-contraction of the transversus abdominus muscle and the multifidus muscle will form the basis of the exercises. Stabilization exercises will be given for 10 weeks for 40 minutes, 2 days a week.
Behavioral: Stabilization exercises group
10 weeks of stabilization exercises.
No Intervention: Healthy control group
no specific intervention

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, the planned outcome measure that is the most important for evaluating the effect of an intervention/treatment. Most clinical studies have one primary outcome measure, but some have more than one.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Feasibility of the methods - minimum recruitment rate
Time Frame: through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
A minimum recruitment rate of 10 participants per month will be accepted as feasiable.
through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
Feasibility of the methods - minimum retention rate
Time Frame: through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
A target retention rate of 80% will be accepted as feasiable
through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
Feasibility of the methods - minimum adherence rate
Time Frame: through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
A target minimum adherence rate of 70% of the overall practice sessions will be accepted as feasiable.
through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
Feasibility of the methods - adverse events
Time Frame: through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months
A record sheet was prepared for possible adverse events during the tests and intervention. It includes information about seriousness, expectedness, severity, causality, time, duration of the event and clinical action taken. The numbers of adverse events will be reported
through Study Completion, an Average of 10 Months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Secondary Outcome Measures

In a clinical study's protocol, a planned outcome measure that is not as important as the primary outcome measure for evaluating the effect of an intervention but is still of interest. Most clinical studies have more than one secondary outcome measure.
Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire-Short Form consists of 10 movements in total, measuring 5 visual and 5 kinesthetic visualization skills, developed to determine the extent to which individuals visualize and feel the imagined movements. The questionnaire is not a self-report scale, but is administered with an evaluator. All movements are evaluated in the sitting position. Higher scores indicate greater visual clarity or intensity of sensations.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised assesses visual and kinesthetic movement imagery ability and is comprised of four visual and four kinesthetic items. Each item entails performing a movement, visually or kinesthetically imaging that movement and then rating the ease or difficulty of generating that image on a 7-point scale from 1 = very hard to see/feel to 7 = very easy to see/feel. Higher scores indicate higher visual or kinesthetic movement imagery ability.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
Oswestry Disability Questionnaire,
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, which allows the patient to self-evaluate, is used to evaluate the limitations that patients compare in daily life. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, and a high score indicates an increased level of disability.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
International Physical Activity Questionnaire
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
It is grouped as Low (Category 1), Medium (Category 2), Very active (Category 3). Calculation is made on a weekly basis as MET level x minutes of activity.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
Visual analog scale (VAS) is a psychometric response scale which can be used in questionnaires. It is a measurement instrument for subjective characteristics or attitudes that cannot be directly measured. When responding to a VAS item, respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement by indicating a position along a continuous line between two end-points.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Revised
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
In this test, the patient is asked to repeat the digits read to him, one second apart, in the same order backwards, starting from the last. The test starts with a two-digit number sequence, and when repeated correctly, one digit is increased and continues until the seventh sequence of eight numbers. The patient must repeat at least one of the two sequences of numbers of the same length in the correct order in order to progress in the test. Scoring is based on the total number of correct and repetitions.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
d2 Attention-Tests
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The test form consists of 14 lines, each with 47 marked letters. There are 16 letters "p" and "d" marked with one, two, three or four lowercase lines in each line. The patient is asked to find and cross out the letters "d" with only two signs. For each line, the patient is given 20 seconds.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
Trail Making Test
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The Trail Making test consists of two parts. In Part A, the patient is asked to put together the circles with numbers in the correct order, which are scattered on the test form. In Part B, the patient is asked to combine the circles, which are scattered on the test form and contain both numbers and letters, in the correct order (1-A, 2-B, 3-C).
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index evaluates sleep quality over the past month. 19 of the 24 questions included in the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index are self-report questions. Five questions are answered by the spouse or a roommate. The 18 items participating in the scoring are grouped into 7 component scores. Each item is evaluated over 0-3 points. The sum of the 7 component scores gives the overall Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index score.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
SF-36 Short Fotm
Time Frame: Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks
The SF-36 has a total of 8 sub-components: physical function, physical role limitation, pain, general perception of health, vitality (energy), social function, emotional role limitation, and mental health. The answers to the questions answered by the participants are scored between 0-100. A high score indicates a good quality of life, and a low score indicates a poor quality of life.
Change from Baseline at 10 Weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Sponsor

The organization or person who initiates the study and who has authority and control over the study.
Izmir Katip Celebi University

Collaborators

Collaborators

An organization other than the sponsor that provides support for a clinical study. This support may include activities related to funding, design, implementation, data analysis, or reporting.
Dokuz Eylul University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

Study Start

The actual date on which the first participant was enrolled in a clinical study. The "anticipated" study start date is the date that the researchers think will be the study start date.
October 8, 2022

Primary Completion (Actual)

Primary Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention to collect final data for the primary outcome measure. Whether the clinical study ended according to the protocol or was terminated does not affect this date. For clinical studies with more than one primary outcome measure with different completion dates, this term refers to the date on which data collection is completed for all the primary outcome measures. The "anticipated" primary completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the primary completion date for the study.
July 15, 2025

Study Completion (Actual)

Study Completion

The date on which the last participant in a clinical study was examined or received an intervention/treatment to collect final data for the primary outcome measures, secondary outcome measures, and adverse events (that is, the last participant's last visit). The "anticipated" study completion date is the date that the researchers think will be the study completion date.
July 16, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

First Submitted

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submitted a study record to ClinicalTrials.gov. There is typically a delay of a few days between the first submitted date and the record's availability on ClinicalTrials.gov (the first posted date).
September 8, 2021

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The date on which the study sponsor or investigator first submits a study record that is consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. The sponsor or investigator may need to revise and submit a study record one or more times before NLM's QC review criteria are met. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
September 17, 2021

First Posted (Actual)

First Posted

The date on which the study record was first available on ClinicalTrials.gov after National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review has concluded. There is typically a delay of a few days between the date the study sponsor or investigator submitted the study record and the first posted date.
September 20, 2021

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

Last Update Posted

The most recent date on which changes to a study record were made available on ClinicalTrials.gov. There may be a delay between when the changes were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov by the study's sponsor or investigator (the last update submitted date) and the last update posted date.
July 23, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator submitted changes to a study record that are consistent with National Library of Medicine (NLM) quality control (QC) review criteria. It is the responsibility of the sponsor or investigator to ensure that the study record is consistent with the NLM QC review criteria.
July 18, 2025

Last Verified

Last Verified

The most recent date on which the study sponsor or investigator confirmed the information about a clinical study on ClinicalTrials.gov as accurate and current. If a study with a recruitment status of recruiting; not yet recruiting; or active, not recruiting has not been confirmed within the past 2 years, the study's recruitment status is shown as unknown.
July 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

Other Study ID Numbers

Identifiers or ID numbers other than the NCT number that are assigned to a clinical study by the study's sponsor, funders, or others. These numbers may include unique identifiers from other trial registries and National Institutes of Health grant numbers.
  • 6385-GOAEK

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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Drug Interventions

Conditions

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Drug Interventions

Dietary Supplements

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