Internet Intervention for Childhood Encopresis

An Internet Intervention for Childhood Constipation and Encopresis

This study will evaluate the effectiveness of an Internet intervention designed to reduce the behaviors and symptoms of pediatric encopresis.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Encopresis
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Internet Intervention + Stepped Care; Behavioral: Internet Intervention; Behavioral: Patient Education Website

Detailed Description

It is estimated that between 1.5% and 7.5% of children experience encopresis. In most children, encopresis is a complication of long-standing constipation. Encopresis is defined as the repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places at least once a month, for three months, and not induced through substances or due to a general medical condition. Typically, treatment consists of medical management alone, which focuses on diet and/or laxative therapy and has a relatively low success rate. A combination of specialized medical and behavioral interventions for encopresis (Enhanced Toilet Training) has been found to have high success rates. Unfortunately, it is not readily available because of a lack of trained professionals to deliver the treatment and the amount of time and costs spent in delivering this treatment. Internet interventions, however, may lower some of the barriers associated with traditional face-to-face treatments by removing the inconvenience of scheduling appointments, missing work/school, and traveling to and from a clinician's office. This study will evaluate whether an Internet intervention is more effective than patient education in treating pediatric encopresis. This study will also evaluate whether stepped care support is additive to the effectiveness of the Internet intervention. Stepped care will involve adding personal e-mail and phone support to help families overcome obstacles to using and implementing the intervention.

Participants are randomized to receive a patient education website, the Internet intervention alone, or the Internet intervention plus stepped care. The intervention period lasts for 6 weeks. During the intervention period, subjects assigned to the patient education website will be given content addressing treatment of encopresis. Those assigned to use the Internet intervention will review interactive tutorials tailored to the user's difficulties. The stepped care group will receive the Internet intervention as well as additional support if they fail to reach specific intervention milestones. All families will complete assessment questionnaires and daily diaries of the children's symptoms and bowel behaviors for one week at baseline, following the intervention period, and at 6 and 12 months follow-up.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 290
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Virginia
    • Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 22903
      • University of Virginia Health System, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Behavioral Health and Technology

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 5 years to 12 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Criteria for inclusion:

A child and his or her parent/caregiver may participate in the study if:

• The parent/caregiver is the legal guardian of his or her child.
• The child is between the ages of 5 and 12.
• The child has had fecal accidents for at least the past three months.
• The child has had at least two fecal accidents during the past two weeks.
• The child and parent/caregiver have regular access to the Internet, either through the family computer or another readily accessible computer.

Criteria for exclusion:

A child and his or her parent/caregiver may not participate in the study if:

• The child has had an Endorectal Pull-Through Procedure.
• The child has a history of Short Bowel Syndrome.
• The child has a diagnosis of a primary illness responsible for fecal soiling (e.g., Spinal Bifida, Hirschsprung's Disease).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: 1	Behavioral: Internet Intervention + Stepped Care; Participants will spend about 1 hour each week for 6 weeks using the Internet Intervention. In the first week, users will complete tutorials covering the three main components of treatment: 1) anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of digestion; 2) education on clean-out and laxative treatments; and 3) behavioral treatment for encopresis. In subsequent weeks, users will complete weekly "follow-ups," where they answer a series of questions about their progress and needs. The program then assigns additional intervention modules based on the difficulties the participants endorses. The 22 modules target a variety of issues including fears of toilet use; social isolation; administering, adjusting, and tapering laxatives; diet; hygiene; and preventing relapses. In addition to automatic emails, participants in this group will also receive additional support based on whether they complete specific intervention milestones.
Active Comparator: 2	Behavioral: Internet Intervention; As described in Arm 1 above, participants will spend about 1 hour each week for 6 weeks using the Internet intervention. In the first week, users will complete tutorials covering the three main components of treatment: 1) anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of digestion; 2) education on clean-out and laxative treatments; and 3) behavioral treatment for encopresis. In subsequent weeks, users will complete weekly "follow-ups," where they answer a series of questions about their progress and needs. The program will then assign additional intervention modules based on the difficulties the participant endorses. The 22 modules target a variety of issues including fears of toilet use; social isolation; administering, adjusting, and tapering laxatives; diet; hygiene; and preventing relapses.
Active Comparator: 3	Behavioral: Patient Education Website; Participants will be given access to a relevant patient education website. It will contain material on managing and treating the behaviors and symptoms of childhood encopresis.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Primary encopretic symptoms (as defined by): 1. Number of episodes of fecal soiling 2. Number of bowel movements in the toilet 3. Increased trips to the bathroom (both parent and self-prompted)	Baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Behavior change around encopresis (as measured by): 1. Appropriate clean-out 2. Appropriate laxative use 3. Appropriate rectus abdominis straining 4. Toileting routine	Baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year
Secondary encopretic symptoms (as defined by): 1. Appropriate bowel movement consistency 2. Reduced bowel-specific difficulties	Baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year
Frequency and Severity of perianal pain	Baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year
Costs (as measured by): 1. Time spent managing symptoms 2. Doctor visits 3. Medication usage 4. Missed school/work days 5. Diapers used 6. Therapist time in stepped-care component 7. Expenses associated with building and maintaining web program	Baseline, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year
Website Utilization (as measured by): 1. Time spent on website 2. Number of log-ins 3. Number of completed website Modules and Follow-Ups	Throughout Intervention (from Baseline to 1 year)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Virginia
• Collaborators: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Lee M Ritterband, PhD, University of Virginia Health Systems

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Ritterband LM, Cox DJ, Walker LS, Kovatchev B, McKnight L, Patel K, Borowitz S, Sutphen J. An Internet intervention as adjunctive therapy for pediatric encopresis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003 Oct;71(5):910-7. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.910.
• Cox DJ, Morris JB Jr, Borowitz SM, Sutphen JL. Psychological differences between children with and without chronic encopresis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002 Oct-Nov;27(7):585-91. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/27.7.585.
• Ritterband LM, Thorndike F. Internet interventions or patient education web sites? J Med Internet Res. 2006 Sep 29;8(3):e18; author reply e19. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.3.e18. No abstract available.
• Ritterband LM, Borowitz S, Cox DJ, Kovatchev B, Walker LS, Lucas V, Sutphen J. Using the internet to provide information prescriptions. Pediatrics. 2005 Nov;116(5):e643-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0404.
• Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Kovatchev B, Ritterband LM, Sheen J, Sutphen J. Treatment of childhood constipation by primary care physicians: efficacy and predictors of outcome. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):873-7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-0537.
• Cox DJ, Ritterband LM, Quillian W, Kovatchev B, Morris J, Sutphen J, Borowitz S. Assessment of behavioral mechanisms maintaining encopresis: Virginia Encopresis-Constipation Apperception Test. J Pediatr Psychol. 2003 Sep;28(6):375-82. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsg027.
• Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Tam A, Ritterband LM, Sutphen JL, Penberthy JK. Precipitants of constipation during early childhood. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2003 May-Jun;16(3):213-8. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.16.3.213.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2010
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 1, 2012
• Study Completion (Actual): March 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 3, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 3, 2008
• First Posted (Estimate): October 7, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): April 3, 2012
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 2, 2012
• Last Verified: April 1, 2012

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Mental Disorders; Digestive System Diseases; Signs and Symptoms, Digestive; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Intestinal Diseases; Rectal Diseases; Elimination Disorders; Fecal Incontinence; Encopresis
• Other Study ID Numbers: 13846; 5R01HD028160-16 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)