- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT01845545
Study of Effect of Microfinance on Under 5 Health in Rural India
A Feasibility and Pilot Study of the Effects of Microfinance on Under 5 Mortality and Nutrition, Amongst the Very Poor in India
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Background Microfinance is a process whereby small loans are given to the poorest families in developing countries to help overcome short term economic shocks (natural disasters or ill health) or to make small investments to improve their standard of living (eg in livestock. Microfinance has been shown to contribute to reducing poverty (particularly of female participants) and to improve the health of village economies. The Rojiroti scheme of microfinance has been running in several impoverished states in Northern India for ten years. This low cost scheme has been active in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and serves much poorer beneficiaries than those reached by mainstream microfinance. It works through establishing self-help groups (predominantly women from scheduled castes). Initially the members of these groups contribute their own money - a very small sum per week. After 3-6 months they become eligible for emergency loans for medical emergencies and general purpose loans, for investment in livestock etc.. These loans are administered locally by the charity "Centre for Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods" (CPSL). Rojiroti UK have just received a grant from the Department for International Development (DfID) for a 3 year expansion of the Rojiroti programme. Most of the participants in the Rojiroti scheme live in rural hamlets or "tolas", comprising several hundred people who earn a living by share cropping, as tenant farmers.
The investigators will evaluate the feasibility of collecting mortality data (both directly in the tola and through registered deaths) and the feasibility of a village volunteer weighing children under five and recording their weights, along with other self-help group data. If data collection proves feasible, the investigators will conduct a pilot cluster randomised trial of immediate vs. delayed microfinance in 50 tolas in Bihar. Trial outcomes will be mortality and weight for age Z score, weight for height z-scores and mid upper arm circumference in children less than 5 years of age.
Main centres Rojiroti is already established in northern Indian provinces of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. In this study, the investigators plan to enrol tolas from Bihar. In the feasibility study there will be 10 tolas in each arm. If the data reach acceptable standards of accuracy and completeness, the investigators will continue the study in a further 40 tolas in each arm (total 50 tolas per arm, 100 altogether). The data analysis will be undertaken in the School of Medicine, University of Nottingham.
Design A feasibility and pilot study for a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT). The unit of randomisation is the tola. A control tola, paired with each intervention tola, will be randomly selected to have similar characteristics (size and agroeconomic zone) to the early intervention tola. The control tola will be at least 15km away from the intervention site (to avoid self-help groups being set up by word of mouth) but close enough to be practical for data collection. The control tola will receive the microfinance intervention 18 months after randomisation.
Selection and randomisation of intervention sites The investigators will select tolas in Bihar province for the feasibility study (10 intervention and 10 control). It is important to include the control tolas at the feasibility stage, as the investigators think the challenges to complete and accurate data collection will be greater in the control tolas. Pairs of tolas will be selected by CPSL and the details provided to the team at the University of Nottingham in a secure, password protected spreadsheet, with each tola identified by a code number. The Nottingham team will randomise one of each pair to intervention or control group. Randomisation will be stratified by agroeconomic region (low, moderate and heavy annual rainfall).
Consent and randomisation Initial discussions will take place between CPSL staff and women in the tolas prior to randomisation. The project will only proceed in that tola if sufficient village women (around 10) have expressed an interest in participating in self-help groups. The idea of the immediate and delayed intervention groups will be discussed with the women, by the CPSL staff. Women will have the option to agree to go ahead with the self-help groups, with or without randomisation and collection of health outcome data. The investigators will keep a record of the demographic characteristics of any tola which does not take part as well as those which do.
Tolas agree to participate before they are randomised to immediate or delayed intervention groups. Randomisation will take place remotely and tolas are then informed through CPSL to which study arm they have been randomised.
Evaluating the accuracy and completeness of data collection
More than one self-help group may be set up in each tola but outcome data will be collected for the tola as a whole, in order to measure the effects of the intervention on those families in the self-help group and any the indirect effects on tola dwellers who are not part of the groups. Accuracy of data collection and recording will be evaluated through a field visit by CPSL staff. At this baseline visit, the CPSL staff and the village volunteer will independently:
- Estimate, using a questionnaire, the total population (and population under 5 years) of the tola and the number of deaths in the last year (and deaths in children under 5 years).
- Record the weight, height and mid upper arm circumference and age of each child under 5, using scales and measures provided by CPSL.
These data will then be entered in a spreadsheet by CPSL staff and transferred to the team in Nottingham who will calculate the percentage concordance. Concordance of 75% or greater between the records of the CPSL worker and the village volunteer for population and mortality data will be deemed of acceptable accuracy. Concordance of the under five weights (to one decimal place) for 75% of children will be taken as acceptable. As well as checking the accuracy of weighing and weight recording, the CPSL staff will determine the number of children under five have not been weighed (e.g. children who are temporarily absent from the village and those who are ill). Data will also be collected on immunisation rates. The investigators will apply for access to data on registered deaths in each tola, from the provincial government and the investigators will use these to check the validity of the mortality data obtained from questionnaires.
Statistical analysis plan Sample size and power calculations: This will be performed to inform a future RCT, using the data collected as part of the current study. If there are sufficient, reliable data available at the end of the feasibility stage, a preliminary power calculation will be performed to determine whether the pilot study might detect a clinically important difference in mortality, proportion underweight or weight for age z score. If so, the trial will move from pilot status to definitive trial. Published estimates of nutrition in Bihar date back to 2006 and suggest that 55% of under fives in Bihar are underweight (61% amongst children from scheduled castes). This may well have changed considerably in the last 6 years. This pilot study will provide a current estimate of the baseline prevalence of mortality and underweight. The sample size calculation for cluster randomised trials described by Hayes et al will be used.
Type of analysis: In the pilot study and any future trial, intention to treat analysis will be used where possible i.e. where a tola has been randomised to receive microfinance early or late, their data will be included irrespective of whether the self-help group and microfinance have run successfully.
Statistics tests: We will compare the proportion of children who are underweight and the mortality rate in the last year (deaths in the past year / population of the tola) in intervention and control tolas. This will be done at baseline and 18 months after the establishment of a self-help group in the early intervention tola. In order to estimate current tola population, the investigator will use a questionnaire administered by the CPSL worker when the children are weighed. An adjusted risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval will be calculated, allowing for potential confounding effects of the pre-intervention prevalence of underweight or the mortality rate. As this is a cluster randomised trial based in small population units (tolas), the investigators will allow for correlation within zones.
Planned exploratory analyses: The investigators will explore whether data can be collected on maternal literacy and years of schooling received. If the data are available, the investigators will compare the effectiveness of the intervention according to whether the mother was literate or illiterate and whether or not she had received at least 5 years of schooling.
Change in primary outcome: In the initial study protocol, the primary outcome measures were mortality rate among children under five years of age and the overall mortaility in the tola. However, on further consideratation, this was changed to mean weight for height z-score (WHZ) if children under five years of age. Given the short duration of the study period (18 months), it was thought that any effect of the intervention on mortaility rates may not be evident in the study period. WHZ is a marker of acute malnutrion and wasting and Children with severe wasting (WHZ < -3 SD) have a 9.4-fold higher chance of dying while those with moderate wasting (WHZ -3 to -2 SD) have a 3.0-fold higher chance of dying when compared with their nonmalnourished counterparts. WHZ was therefore selected to be the primary outcome measure as it is strongly associated with mortality and may be affected by the intervention within the short duration of the study period.
This change in protocol was made prior to randomisation and baseline data collection and is reported in the protocol publication.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
Bihar
-
Patna, Bihar, India, 800004
- Patna Medical College Hospital
-
-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Women in tolas who give informed consent for participation in the study
- Under five children of women who consent for participation
Exclusion Criteria:
- Women who refuse consent
- Children of women who refuse consent
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: OTHER
- Allocation: RANDOMIZED
- Interventional Model: PARALLEL
- Masking: SINGLE
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
NO_INTERVENTION: Late intervention
CPSL will support the establishment of self-help groups after 18 months of start of the study.
|
|
EXPERIMENTAL: Early intervention
CPSL will support the establishment of Women's self-help group.
Microfinance will be provided to this group from the first 18 months of the study.
The women in these groups will be eligible for emergency loans (up to Rs3000) and general purpose loans, (Rs50-3000) after 3-6 months of starting the self-help groups.
|
The CPSL staff will support the formation of the self-help groups from the start of the study.
The women in this group will have access to microfinance from the first 18 months of the study and will be eligible for emergency loans (up to Rs3000) and general purpose loans, (Rs50-3000) after 3-6 months of starting the self-help group.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Weight for height z-score of children under five years of age
Time Frame: 18 months
|
mean weight for height z-score (WHZ) of children under five years of age in the paired early and late intervention tolas at 18 months after the scheme has been implemented in the early intervention tolas
|
18 months
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
mean weight for age z-score
Time Frame: 18 months
|
mean weight for age z-score (WAZ) of children under five years of age in the paired early and late intervention tolas at 18 months after the scheme has been implemented in the early intervention tolas
|
18 months
|
mean height for age z-score
Time Frame: 18 months
|
mean height for age z-score (HAZ) of children under five years of age in the paired early and late intervention tolas at 18 months after the scheme has been implemented in the early intervention tolas
|
18 months
|
prevalance of moderate to server undernutrition (WAZ < -2SD)
Time Frame: 18 months
|
prevalance of moderate to server undernutrition (WAZ < -2SD) among children under five years of age in the paired early and late intervention tolas at 18 months after the scheme has been implemented in the early intervention tolas
|
18 months
|
prevalance of moderate to servere stunting (HAZ < -2SD)
Time Frame: 18 months
|
prevalance of moderate to server stunting (HAZ < -2SD) among children under five years of age in the paired early and late intervention tolas at 18 months after the scheme has been implemented in the early intervention tolas
|
18 months
|
prevalance of moderate to servere wasting (WHZ< -2SD)
Time Frame: 18 months
|
prevalance of moderate to server wasting (WHZ< -2SD) among children under five years of age in the paired early and late intervention tolas at 18 months after the scheme has been implemented in the early intervention tolas
|
18 months
|
Mid upper arm circumference
Time Frame: baseline and 18 months
|
Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) in children less than 5 years of age in paired early vs. late intervention tolas will be compared at 18 months
|
baseline and 18 months
|
prevalence of moderate to acute malnutrition (based on MUAC 12.5 to 11.5cm)
Time Frame: 8 months
|
prevalence of moderate to severe acute malnutrition (based on MUAC between 12.5 and 11.5 cm and MUAC <11.5 cm, respectively) in children between 6 and 60 months of age in the early versus late intervention tolas 18 months from the start of the study
|
8 months
|
prevalence of severe malnutrition (based on MUAC <11.5)
Time Frame: 18 months
|
prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (based on MUAC < 11.5) in children between 6 and 60 months of age in the early versus late intervention tolas 18 months from the start of the study
|
18 months
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
- Ojha S, Szatkowski L, Sinha R, Yaron G, Fogarty A, Allen S, Choudhary S, Smyth AR. Feasibility and pilot study of the effects of microfinance on mortality and nutrition in children under five amongst the very poor in India: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014 Jul 23;15:298. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-298.
- Ojha S, Szatkowski L, Sinha R, Yaron G, Fogarty A, Allen SJ, Choudhary S, Smyth AR. Rojiroti microfinance and child nutrition: a cluster randomised trial. Arch Dis Child. 2020 Mar;105(3):229-235. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-316471. Epub 2019 Oct 10.
Helpful Links
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start
Primary Completion (ACTUAL)
Study Completion (ACTUAL)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (ESTIMATE)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (ACTUAL)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- UoN-J18102012
This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.
Clinical Trials on Malnutrition
-
HAN University of Applied SciencesFrieslandCampina; HAS Hogeschool; Centre of Expertise Food (CoE Food); SligroCompletedMalnutrition; Protein | Protein MalnutritionNetherlands
-
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research...GlaxoSmithKline; Stanford UniversityCompletedMalnutrition | Malnutrition in Children | Child MalnutritionBangladesh
-
University of Nove de JulhoUnknownMalnutrition, ChildBrazil
-
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research...UNICEFNot yet recruitingMalnutrition SevereBangladesh
-
UNICEFSave the ChildrenCompletedSevere MalnutritionCongo, The Democratic Republic of the
-
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Medical SchoolPfrimmer Nutricia GmbH, Erlangen , GermanyCompletedNursing Home Residents | Malnutrition or Risk of MalnutritionGermany
-
Aga Khan UniversityAction Contre la FaimCompletedEvaluation of the Effectiveness and Impact of Community Case Management of Severe Acute MalnutritionSevere MalnutritionPakistan
-
Action Against Hunger USAUniversity of Washington; Ethiopian Public Health InstituteNot yet recruitingModerate Acute Malnutrition | Severe Acute Malnutrition
-
Academy of Nutrition and DieteticsHartford Hospital; University of New Mexico; Meals on Wheels Central TexasNot yet recruiting
-
Diego MorettiSwiss Federal Institute of Technology; Wageningen University and Research; St... and other collaboratorsCompletedMalnutrition; ProteinSwitzerland
Clinical Trials on Early provision of microfinance
-
University of California, San DiegoRecruiting
-
Federal University of Minas GeraisCompleted
-
Cornell UniversityUniversity of Maryland; The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and...Completed
-
Boston Children's HospitalNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)Completed
-
Technical University of MunichBavarian State Ministry of Health and Care; German Alzheimer SocietyCompleted
-
London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineEmory University; University of California, Davis; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and other collaboratorsCompletedNutritional Status | Diarrhoea | Soil-transmitted Helminth InfectionIndia
-
Marcos Vera HernandezEvidence Action; MaiMwanaCompleted
-
The Bionics Institute of AustraliaRecruitingHearing ImpairmentAustralia
-
Massachusetts General HospitalASPEN Rhoads Research FoundationCompletedSleep | Glucose Intolerance | Short Bowel Syndrome | Feeding PatternsUnited States
-
University of PennsylvaniaNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); RTI International; University of... and other collaboratorsCompletedHuman Immunodeficiency VirusKenya