Early Feasibility Study of Adaptive Advisory/Automated (AAA) Control of Type 1 Diabetes

The purpose of this study is to use an Advisory/Automated Adaptive (AAA) or Closed-Loop Control (CLC) system for insulin delivery in adults with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) in an outpatient setting to evaluate the system's ability to significantly improve blood glucose levels. A component of this study evaluated AAA or CLC Control overnight only in 5 consecutive overnights in a cross-over trial with sensor-augmented pump therapy occurring prior to or following CLC overnight. Another component of this study planned evaluating if the AAA Control system run on the Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) system can prevent hypoglycemia during and following exercise more efficiently during a 40 hour trial this part of the trial was not conducted due to a preference for overnight only configuration in pilot testing. This protocol represents a culmination of prior clinical trials in development of this AAA system and benefits from the synthesis of those components.

Study Overview

• Status: Terminated
• Conditions: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Overnight CLC; Device: Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy (SAP)

Detailed Description

The primary goal of this study is to test an Advisory/Automated Adaptive (AAA) or CLC Control system, which includes three interacting control modules:

• Module 1 - Automated Safety Supervision (SSM) responsible for prevention of hypoglycemia, which can be adapted (individualized) with prior data for each subject;
• Module 2 - Advisory Module (AM) responsible for pre-meal boluses and postprandial corrections, which can be adapted (individualized) with prior data for each subject;
• Module 3 -- Automated Basal Rate Module (BRM) responsible for augmentation of basal rate to compensate for changes in insulin sensitivity, particularly overnight (e.g. dawn phenomenon), which can be adapted with prior data for each subject.

Daytime control (40hour studies) includes all 3 modules (n=36 were not recruited). Overnight only closed loop control (5 consecutive overnights) includes Module 1 and 3 (n=5-7).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Virginia
    • Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, 22903
      • University of Virginia Center for Diabetes Technology

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 21 years to 64 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. ≥21 and <65 years old.

2. Clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. For an individual to be enrolled at least one criterion from each list must be met.

   o Criteria for documented hyperglycemia (at least 1 must be met): i. Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL - confirmed ii. Two-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test glucose ≥200 mg/dL - confirmed iii. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) ≥6.5% documented - confirmed iv. Random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms v. No data at diagnosis is available but the participant has a convincing history of hyperglycemia consistent with diabetes

   o Criteria for requiring insulin at diagnosis (1 must be met): i. Participant required insulin at diagnosis and continually thereafter ii. Participant did not start insulin at diagnosis but upon investigator review likely needed insulin (significant hyperglycemia that did not respond to oral agents) and did require insulin eventually and used continually iii. Participant did not start insulin at diagnosis but continued to be hyperglycemic, had positive islet cell antibodies - consistent with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and did require insulin eventually and used continually

3. Use of an insulin pump to treat his/her diabetes for at least 1 year.
4. Familiarity with a bolus calculator with the current insulin pump with pre-defined parameters for carbohydrate ratio, insulin sensitivity factor (ISF), target glucose and active insulin.
5. HbA1c <9% as measured with DCA2000 or equivalent device.
6. Not currently known to be pregnant, breast feeding, or intending to become pregnant (females).
7. Demonstration of proper mental status and cognition for the study.
8. Willingness to avoid consumption of acetaminophen-containing products 24 hours prior to and during CGM use.
9. Ability to access the Internet and upload CGM data via the company software during the data collection period.
10. If on antihypertensive, thyroid, anti-depressant or lipid lowering medication, have stability on the medication for at least 2 months prior to enrollment in the study.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Severe hypoglycemia resulting in seizure, loss of consciousness, or diabetic ketoacidosis within the 12 months prior to enrollment.
2. Pregnancy; breast feeding, or intention of becoming pregnant.
3. Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (Resting diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg and/or systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg).
4. Conditions which may increase the risks associated with possible hypoglycemia, such as any active cardiac disorder/arrhythmia, uncontrolled coronary artery disease during the previous year (e.g. history of myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, therapeutic coronary intervention, coronary bypass or stenting procedure, stable or unstable angina, episode of chest pain of cardiac etiology with documented EKG changes, or positive stress test or catheterization with coronary blockages >50%), congestive heart failure, history of cerebrovascular event, seizure disorder, syncope, uncontrolled adrenal insufficiency, neurologic disease or atrial fibrillation.
5. Self-reported hypoglycemia unawareness.
6. History of a systemic or deep tissue infection with methicillin-resistant staph aureus or Candida albicans.
7. Use of a device that may pose electromagnetic compatibility issues and/or radiofrequency interference with the Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, electronic pacemaker, neurostimulator, intrathecal pump, and cochlear implants).
8. Anticoagulant therapy other than aspirin.
9. Oral steroids.
10. Subjects currently taking Amylin.
11. Medical condition requiring use of an acetaminophen-containing medication that cannot be withheld for the study sessions.
12. Psychiatric disorders that would interfere with study tasks (e.g. inpatient psychiatric treatment within 6 months prior to enrollment).
13. Mental incapacity, unwillingness or language barriers precluding adequate understanding or cooperation.
14. Known current or recent alcohol or drug abuse.
15. Medical conditions that would make operating a CGM, the Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) cell phone or insulin pump difficult (e.g. blindness, severe arthritis, immobility).
16. Any skin condition that prevents sensor or pump placement on the abdomen or arm (e.g. bad sunburn, pre-existing dermatitis, intertrigo, psoriasis, extensive scarring, and cellulitis).
17. In adherence with the One Touch Ultra 2 User Guide that may be used in the experimental session and overnight during substudy, subjects with hematocrit levels less than 30% and above 55% will be excluded.

18. Impaired hepatic function measured as alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase

    ≥three times the upper reference limit.

19. Impaired renal function measured as creatinine >1.2 times above the upper limit of normal.
20. Uncontrolled microvascular (diabetic) complications, such as current proliferative diabetic retinopathy or macular edema, known diabetic nephropathy (other than microalbuminuria with normal creatinine) or neuropathy requiring treatment.
21. Active gastroparesis requiring current medical therapy.
22. If on antihypertensive, thyroid, anti-depressant or lipid lowering medication, lack of stability on the medication for the past 2 months prior to enrollment in the study.
23. Uncontrolled thyroid disease.
24. Known bleeding diathesis or dyscrasia.
25. Known allergy to medical adhesives, components of the insulin pump insertion set or continuous glucose monitor sensor.
26. Active enrollment in another treatment clinical trial. Observational trials may be permitted at the discretion of the study physician.
27. Use of anti-diabetic agents other than continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) including long-acting insulin, intermediate-acting insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon- like peptide 1 agonists, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
28. Unwillingness to use an approved form of birth control during this study by a sexually active female participant.
29. Subjects with basal rates less than 0.01U/hr.

RESTRICTIONS ON USE OF OTHER DRUGS OR TREATMENTS

1. Use of anti-diabetic agents other than CSII including long-acting insulin, intermediate-acting insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon- like peptide 1 agonists, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
2. Acetaminophen will be restricted starting 24 hours prior to CGM use.
3. Medications that block symptoms of hypoglycemia, including but not limited to beta blockers.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Overnight CLC followed by SAP; Throughout the trial, participants wore a study CGM. Participants spent 5 nights in a supervised outpatient setting using closed-loop control (CLC) system running on DiAs from 23:00 to 07:00. The participants then subsequently had a week at home in which they wore either their personal pump (UVA) or the study pump (Italy) along with a continuous glucose monitor without running in any specialized mathematical equations (sensor-augmented pump therapy or SAP). Four fingersticks completed each day and carbohydrates will be recorded in bolus calculator of their insulin pump prior to each meal.	Device: Overnight CLC; Overnight Closed-Loop Control (CLC) is run on the DiAs which is a medical platform that uses a smart-phone to connect to a continuous glucose sensor to insulin pump. The cell phone runs the CLC and is connected to work with the insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor to help keep the blood sugar in a desired range.; Device: Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy (SAP); The subject will be on their home insulin pump (UVA) or study pump (Italy) and using a CGM per their usual care.
Experimental: SAP followed by Overnight CLC; Throughout the trial, participants wore a study CGM. Participants in this arm spent a week had a week at home in which they wore either their personal pump (UVA) or the study pump (Italy) along with a continuous glucose monitor without running in any specialized mathematical equations (sensor-augmented pump therapy or SAP). They subsequently spent 5 nights in a supervised outpatient setting using closed-loop control (CLC) system running on DiAs from 23:00 to 07:00. Four fingersticks completed each day and carbohydrates will be recorded in bolus calculator of their insulin pump prior to each meal.	Device: Overnight CLC; Overnight Closed-Loop Control (CLC) is run on the DiAs which is a medical platform that uses a smart-phone to connect to a continuous glucose sensor to insulin pump. The cell phone runs the CLC and is connected to work with the insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor to help keep the blood sugar in a desired range.; Device: Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy (SAP); The subject will be on their home insulin pump (UVA) or study pump (Italy) and using a CGM per their usual care.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time in Range Overnight	For subjects participating in consecutive overnight control, will assess time in range (80-140mg/dL) overnight in closed loop control compared to sensor-augmented pump therapy.	5 consecutive nights

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Evaluating the Risk for Hypoglycemia as Measured by the Low Blood Glucose Index	A secondary goal of the cross-over trial is to evaluate the ability of the CLC to prevent hypoglycemia with the outcome measure of Low Blood Glucose Index. Low blood glucose index by CGM with higher index indicating higher risk of hypoglycemia. Values <1 suggest minimal risk (there is no maximum score). Index of risk of low blood glucose excursion based on a standard formula for non-linear transformation of the blood glucose scale. The calculation of LBGI uses all available CGM values during the 5 consecutive nights of study to create one index. For the SAP group, the mean value lies outside the interquartile range due to outlying values that contribute to increasing the mean.	5 consecutive nights
Time Within Target Range	Closed loop control will improve the time spent within the target range of 70-180 mg/dl (computed from retrofitted CGM data).	5 consecutive nights

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Sue Brown
• Collaborators: DexCom, Inc.; Roche Diagnostics GmbH
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Sue Brown, MD, University of Virginia Center for Diabetes Technology

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Brown SA, Kovatchev BP, Breton MD, Anderson SM, Keith-Hynes P, Patek SD, Jiang B, Ben Brahim N, Vereshchetin P, Bruttomesso D, Avogaro A, Del Favero S, Boscari F, Galasso S, Visentin R, Monaro M, Cobelli C. Multinight "bedside" closed-loop control for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015 Mar;17(3):203-9. doi: 10.1089/dia.2014.0259. Epub 2015 Jan 16.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: December 1, 2013
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2014
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 14, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 5, 2013
• First Posted (Estimated): September 11, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 21, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 24, 2024
• Last Verified: April 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; Continuous Glucose Monitor; Artificial Pancreas; Diabetes Assistant (DiAs)
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Hypoglycemic Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Insulin
• Other Study ID Numbers: 16930