Chronic Effects of Two Aerobic-training Models Performed in Water and on Dry Land in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

The aim of this study was to analyse the acute and chronic effects of two aerobic-training models performed in water and on dry land on cardiorespiratory, functional, metabolic, hormonal and quality-of-life parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Aquatic exercise; Other: Land Exercise

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 35
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Brazil
  • Rio Grande do Sil
    • Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sil, Brazil, 90690-200
      • Physical Education School of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 30 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

The clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Not be performing regular and systematic physical exercise for at least three months.

Exclusion Criteria:

Uncontrolled hypertension. Autonomic neuropathy. Severe peripheral neuropathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Uncompensated heart failure. Peripheral amputations. Chronic renal failure (GFR by MDRD <30). Muscle or joint injury that prevents physical exercises.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Aquatic exercise; The aquatic aerobic training had a duration of 12 weeks and adopted the interval-training method, with intensities ranging between 85 and 100% of second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and total duration of 45 minute per session. The sessions consisted of warm up, main part and calm down. The warm-up consisted of a walk in deep water at low intensity for three minutes. The main part was intended to aerobic training in deep water, in which subjects walked and / or ran, depending on your fitness level found in pre-training test. The calm down consisted of walking in deep water at low intensity for two minutes and stretching standardized, emphasizing the muscles worked in the main part of the session, with a total duration of approximately five minutes.	Other: Aquatic exercise
Experimental: Land exercise; The land aerobic training had a duration of 12 weeks and adopted the interval-training method, with intensities ranging between 85 and 100% of second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and total duration of 45 minute per session. The sessions consisted of warm up, main part and calm down. The warm-up consisted of a walk in athletic track at low intensity for three minutes. The main part was intended to aerobic training in athletic track, in which subjects walked and / or ran, depending on your fitness level found in pre-training test. The calm down consisted of walking in athletic track at low intensity for two minutes and stretching standardized, emphasizing the muscles worked in the main part of the session, with a total duration of approximately five minutes.	Other: Land Exercise

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Glycated hemoglobin	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Fasting plasma glucose.	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Postprandial glucose	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Fasting insulin.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Total cholesterol.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
High density lipoprotein.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Low density lipoprotein.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Triglycerides.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Plasma renin activity.	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Angiotensin II.	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
C-reactive protein ultrasensitive.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
8-isoprostane	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Content of reative species (DCF)	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Water-soluble Fluorescent Substances	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Oxidation of tyrosine residues	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Oxidation of tryptophan	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
superoxide dismutase (SOD)	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Catalase (CAT)	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX)	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP)	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Interleukin 1β	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Interleukin 10	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Leukocyte DNA Methylation	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Purines	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Interleukin 6	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Global Histone Deacetylases activity	Before and after a session of 45 minutes of exercise; baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Peak oxygen consumption.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Timed up and go in habitual speed and maximal speed.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Oxygen uptake at ventilatory threshold.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Percentage of oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Systolic blood pressure.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Diastolic blood pressure	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Resting heart rate.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Quality of life.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Depressive symptoms.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.
Sleep quality.	Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Rodrigo S Delevatti, MSc, Hospital De Clinicas De Porto Alegre

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• S Delevatti R, Schuch FB, Kanitz AC, Alberton CL, Marson EC, Lisboa SC, Pinho CDF, Bregagnol LP, Becker MT, Kruel LFM. Quality of life and sleep quality are similarly improved after aquatic or dry-land aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. J Sci Med Sport. 2018 May;21(5):483-488. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.024. Epub 2017 Sep 6.
• Delevatti RS, Pinho CD, Kanitz AC, Alberton CL, Marson EC, Bregagnol LP, Lisboa SC, Schaan BD, Kruel LF. Glycemic reductions following water- and land-based exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Aug;24:73-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.05.008. Epub 2016 May 10.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: August 1, 2012
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2012

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 27, 2013
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 6, 2013
• First Posted (Estimate): October 8, 2013

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): November 5, 2014
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 4, 2014
• Last Verified: May 1, 2014

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: diabetes;; aquatic exercises;; deep water running;; blood glucose;; inflammation.
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Other Study ID Numbers: 54475