Deep Brain Stimulation of the Amygdala for Combat Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Amygdala for Combat Post-Traumatic Stress

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 30 % of American veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Although the current therapy is effective, a percentage of patients will fail to improve and will develop chronic treatment-resistant PTSD. Patients suffering from PTSD experience intense suffering, lack of productivity and a higher risk of suicide. Unfortunately, combat PTSD has a tendency to be resistant to current treatments.

The central goal of this project is to develop a new therapeutic strategy involving the placement of intracranial electrodes to treat the symptoms of PTSD. The project is based on recent evidence showing abnormal activity in a specific brain region of PTSD patients, thought to be responsible for the core symptoms of PTSD.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Intervention / Treatment: Procedure: DBS of the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala; Device: Medtronic Activa PC DBS of the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 6
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Jean-Philippe Langevin, MD; Phone Number: 310 268-3463; Email: jlangevin@mednet.ucla.edu
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Ralph Koek, MD; Phone Number: 7547 800-516-4567; Email: ralph.koek@va.gov

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • Los Angeles, California, United States, 90073
      • Recruiting
      • VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
      • Principal Investigator: Jean-Philippe Langevin, MD
      • Contact: Jean-Philippe Langevin, MD; Phone Number: 310-268-3463; Email: jlangevin@mednet.ucla.edu

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 25 years to 70 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male aged 25-70 years.
• Able to give informed consent in accordance with institutional policies and participate in the 2-year follow-up, involving assessments and stimulator adjustments.
• Patients must be stable on their current psychotropic medication for a period of 2 months before implantation and agree to not increase dosages or add any new medications for the first 6 months of the study, unless medically necessary.
• Chart diagnosis of chronic and treatment-refractory PTSD as the principal psychiatric diagnosis and cause of distress and social/occupational impairment.
• Confirmation of PTSD as the primary psychiatric diagnosis by the study psychiatrist via clinical interview and CAPS.
• Confirmation of combat trauma exposure via military record review and a Combat Exposure Scale score > 9.
• Minimum 5 year total illness duration, with no 6 month period of clinical remission during the 5 years prior to entry in the study.
• Clinical record documentation of non-response to at least 2 of the following antidepressants, alone or in combination, at maximally tolerated FDA recommended doses for ≥ 6 months: sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, amitriptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline, desipramine, clomipramine, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, venlafaxine, mirtazapine. Antidepressant trials must include at least one SSRI and one SNRI or TCA at maximally tolerated FDA recommended doses for a minimum of 3 months.
• A minimum 3 month trial of prazosin at 10 mg per day or, if less, maximally tolerated FDA recommended doses, unless considered contraindicated based on co-morbid medical conditions or concomitant medications.
• Trial of at least 3 months of one of the following: lithium, divalproex sodium, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, olanzapine, risperidone, bupropion either alone or in conjunction with one or more of the agents in #8 and # 9 above.
• 6 months of continuous individual psychotherapy, conducted at least twice monthly for minimum 45 minute sessions, and consisting of a) clinician- defined cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy directed toward reducing conditioned fear symptoms of PTSD; b) cognitive processing psychotherapy for PTSD; c) prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD (imaginal, in vivo, and/or virtual reality); or d) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for PTSD including a trauma exposure component, with chart documentation of inadequate benefit despite concerted effort. Other forms of individual or group psychotherapy are permitted but not required for inclusion. (Patients who are unable to complete 6 months of psychotherapy may be included if the cause of treatment cessation was that the risks of further treatment, including intense psychological suffering, outweighed the potential benefits of continuing the treatment).
• All evidence based psychotherapy for PTSD (cognitive behavioural, cognitive processing, prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization) has been completed a minimum of 3 months prior to enrolment.
• Minimum baseline CAPS17 of 85 at entry, with a) scores of at least 4 (combined frequency and severity) on at least one symptom from each cluster (intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal); b) score of 5 or more on CAPS17 items 4 or 5 (intense psychological distress or physiological reactivity on exposure to a reminder of the traumatic event); and c) no questionable validity (QV) rating greater than 1 on any CAPS item.
• Clinically significant impairment in occupational functioning due to PTSD, manifested by one or more of the following: a) Total federal (service connected ≥ 70%), or State (SSI) disability compensation for at least the past 2 years for PTSD; b) global assessment of functioning score ≤ 45; c) no period of full time gainful employment ≥ 3 months in the past 5 years.
• Clinically significant impairment in social functioning due to PTSD, manifested by one or more of the following: a) little or no social activity outside the household other than as necessary for medical appointments, practical matters such as grocery shopping, or to interact with other veterans; b) reliable description by a spouse or significant other, living with the patient, of repeated avoidance/refusal to participate in customary social engagements with friends, family or for recreational activities due to PTSD; c) two or more verbal or physical interpersonal altercations within the past year requiring another person's intervention to prevent further escalation, or involving law enforcement
• Cohabitation with a spouse or significant other adult person who a) can confirm the symptoms and impairment from PTSD and lack of significant symptomatic remission in the past 5 years; and b) is willing to participate with the study psychiatrist in answering questions for the life functioning in PTSD scale (LFIPS) at scheduled follow-up visits; and c) is willing to report unexpected adverse neurological or psychiatric events to study investigators and if advised by study investigators, assist the patient in accessing necessary services to address these.
• Willingness to have unexpected neurological or psychiatric symptom shared with the study psychiatrists and other study clinicians.
• Other medical conditions must be stable for at least 1 year, (conditions that require intermittent use of steroids or chemotherapy are excluded).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Suicide attempt in the last 2 years and/or presence of a suicide plan (an answer of "Yes" to Question C4 in Section C-Suicidality of MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview);
• Psychosis or bipolar disorder; significant acute or ongoing risk for violence;
• Patients primarily diagnosed with DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorder other than PTSD as determined by the MINI;
• Within the 3 months prior to enrolment, subject has started a new psychotherapy program;
• Alcohol or illicit substance use disorder within the last 6 months, unstable remission of substance abuse, or chart evidence that co-morbid substance use disorder could account for lack of treatment response;
• Current significant neurological conditions, including epilepsy, stroke, movement disorder; history of serious head injury with loss of consciousness
• Patients with uncontrolled medical conditions (hypertension, diabetes, infection);
• Uncontrolled chronic pain;
• Baseline Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) of ≥ 28;
• Patients who are receiving anticoagulation therapy;
• Significant abnormality on preoperative structural brain MRI;
• ECT in the past 6 months;
• Contraindications to MRIs or the need for recurrent body MRIs;
• Immunosuppression;
• Patients who are not appropriate candidate for general anesthesia and/or DBS surgery;
• Current pursuit of new or increased disability compensation for PTSD;
• Has cardiac pacemaker/defibrillator, implanted medication pump, intra- cardiac lines, any intracranial implants (aneurysm clip, shunt, cochlear implant, electrodes) or other implanted stimulator;
• Patient has had past cranial neurosurgery;
• Patient unable to discontinue therapeutic diathermy;
• Use of other investigational drugs or psychotropic herbs within 30 days of baseline.
• Patients suffering from a neurovascular condition or other intracranial process.
• Patients suffering from a condition associated with a significant cognitive impairment.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: DBS of the Amygdala-30 days; Deep brain stimulation of the amygdala BLn starting at 30 days post-operatively.	Procedure: DBS of the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala; Device: Medtronic Activa PC DBS of the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala
Experimental: DBS of the Amygdala-90 days; Deep brain stimulation of the amygdala BLn starting at 90 days post-operatively.	Procedure: DBS of the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala; Device: Medtronic Activa PC DBS of the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Frequency and Severity of all adverse events	1 year

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale	1 year

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Langevin JP, De Salles AA, Kosoyan HP, Krahl SE. Deep brain stimulation of the amygdala alleviates post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a rat model. J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Dec;44(16):1241-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.022. Epub 2010 May 26.
• Stidd DA, Vogelsang K, Krahl SE, Langevin JP, Fellous JM. Amygdala deep brain stimulation is superior to paroxetine treatment in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Stimul. 2013 Nov;6(6):837-44. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.05.008. Epub 2013 Jun 25.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): December 1, 2024
• Study Completion (Anticipated): December 31, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 14, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 17, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): March 19, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 14, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 12, 2022
• Last Verified: October 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders; Stress Disorders, Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: PCC121657