A Study of the Implementation of an Electronic Consultation ("eConsult") Platform

A Study of the Implementation of an Electronic Consultation ("eConsult") Platform to Increase Specialist Access for Patients in Underserved Populations: Impact on Provider Experience, Wait Times and Cost

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of an electronic consultation model for specialty services (eConsults) to improve quality of care and reduce health system costs. An eConsult is a non-face-to-face consultation between a primary care provider and a specialist that takes place via secure messaging.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Cardiovascular Diseases
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: eConsult

Detailed Description

The study is a randomized, controlled trial where the intervention is the evidence-based eConsult model in which consults are submitted by electronic, secure messaging to a specialist for review and "virtual" consultation. Primary Care Providers will be randomized to the control or intervention group. In the intervention group, ALL new, non urgent, adult cardiology referrals will be submitted to the eConsult Cardiology team for an eConsult. Consults for children (age <18) and consults for patients who already have an established relationship with another cardiologist will not be eligible for an eConsult. Urgent consults, such as those for patients with active chest pain or other acute conditions, will not be submitted for eConsult and should instead be handled by the on-site care team as per the standard protocol. For eConsults, the consult will be submitted using the eConsult pathway within the electronic health record. eConsults will be created in the same way that standard referrals are created, with attachment of a treatment summary, EKG, relevant results, and specification of the consultative question. The eConsult will be received by the intervention Cardiology team and reviewed within 2 business days. One cardiologist per day will be assigned to review and respond to eConsults.

The result will be received by the primary care provider who will be responsible for acting appropriately on the cardiologist's recommendations. Recommendations will be case specific and may include one of three broad areas of suggestion: 1) suggestions for ongoing management by the primary care provider, 2) suggestions for additional testing in advance of a cardiology face to face appointment or to better determine a next course of action, and 3) immediate cardiology referral.

For each of these options, the primary care provider will be responsible for following up and implementing the recommendations made by the Cardiologist. When referral is recommended the primary care provider will refer the patient to the cardiologist of their choice based on their location and the patient's preference. While not required, they may refer the patient to the eConsult cardiology team at University of Connecticut for face to face care if desirable, but may also refer to other Cardiologists. The intervention will last one year. Providers randomized to the control group will provide standard care which involves a traditional referral for an in-person cardiology visit.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 36
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Connecticut
    • Middletown, Connecticut, United States, 06457
      • Community Health Center, Inc

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Primary Care Provider at Community Health Center, Inc who work at least 30 hours per week and see adult patients

Exclusion Criteria:

-

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control; Providers in the Control group followed standard care protocols. If they deemed a patient was in need of cardiology consultation, a referral was created using the standard process. The referral was processed by a referral coordinator and transmitted to an appropriate cardiologist. An appointment was then scheduled for the patient to have an in-person consultation with a cardiologist.
Experimental: eConsult; The intervention consisted of an eConsult pathway and standardized protocol for PCPs to obtain cardiology consults using a secure messaging "peer to peer" (P2P) module embedded within the EHR. Intervention providers were asked to send all cardiology referrals for their adult patients through the eConsult system. Providers could bypass the eConsult pathway for patients with established relationships with a cardiologist or for whom providers felt a consult was urgent (required a face-to-face visit within a week or less). eConsults contain reason for consult, relevant test results, records or reports but are sent electronically to a Cardiology Consultant for review. eConsults were responded to within two business days. Responses were case-specific and generally contained recommendations for management, additional testing, or a face-to-face cardiology visit. The PCP was responsible for considering/acting upon recommendations and determining when an eConsult was complete.	Other: eConsult; An electronic consultation or "eConsult" is a secure message consult that allows specialists to provide advice on cases without seeing a patient face to face. They contain a reason for consult, any relevant tests, procedures or reports. The responsibility lies with the primary care provider to act, or not act on the advice as they deem fit.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Time to first contact with a cardiologist	For eConsults, time to first contact is the time between the generation of the eConsults and when the Cardiologist replies to the eConsults. For traditional referrals, first contact is the time between the creation of the appointment and the in-person Cardiology visi.	18 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Completion of referrals	The percent of referrals in each group that reached completion	18 months
Adverse events	Adverse cardiology events, including MI, following cardiology eConsult or referral	18 months
Hospital and Emergency Department Utilization	Use of the hospital or Emergency Department for a cardiology complaint following an eConsult or referral	18 months
Provider Satisfaction (survey)	A survey was administered to participants to measure their satisfaction with eConsults and/or the current referral process	Baseline, 6 months, 12 months
Number of in-person cardiology visits	The number of traditional, control referrals and eConsults that resulted in an in-person consultation with a cardiologist.	18 months
Total Cost Per Patient	Clinical costs per patient in control and intervention group from claims data	6 months pre and 6 months post intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Community Health Center, Inc.
• Collaborators: University of Connecticut; UConn Health; Connecticut Health Foundation
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: J. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH, Center for Excellence in Primary Care, University of California, San Francisco; Principal Investigator: Daren Anderson, MD, Weitzman Institute, Community Health Center, Inc

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Chen AH, Yee HF Jr. Improving primary care-specialty care communication: lessons from San Francisco's safety net: comment on "Referral and consultation communication between primary care and specialist physicians". Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jan 10;171(1):65-7. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.484. No abstract available.
• Yee HF Jr. The patient-centered medical home neighbor: A subspecialty physician's view. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jan 4;154(1):63-4. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00011.
• Chen AH, Kushel MB, Grumbach K, Yee HF Jr. Practice profile. A safety-net system gains efficiencies through 'eReferrals' to specialists. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010 May;29(5):969-71. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0027. No abstract available.
• Foy R, Hempel S, Rubenstein L, Suttorp M, Seelig M, Shanman R, Shekelle PG. Meta-analysis: effect of interactive communication between collaborating primary care physicians and specialists. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 16;152(4):247-58. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-4-201002160-00010.
• Kim Y, Chen AH, Keith E, Yee HF Jr, Kushel MB. Not perfect, but better: primary care providers' experiences with electronic referrals in a safety net health system. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 May;24(5):614-9. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-0955-3. Epub 2009 Mar 24.
• Kim-Hwang JE, Chen AH, Bell DS, Guzman D, Yee HF Jr, Kushel MB. Evaluating electronic referrals for specialty care at a public hospital. J Gen Intern Med. 2010 Oct;25(10):1123-8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-010-1402-1. Epub 2010 May 29.
• Katz MH. Golden gate to health care for all? San Francisco's new universal-access program. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 24;358(4):327-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp0706590. No abstract available.
• Bindman AB, Chen A, Fraser JS, Yee HF Jr, Ofman D. Healthcare reform with a safety net: lessons from San Francisco. Am J Manag Care. 2009 Oct;15(10):747-50.
• Weiner M, El Hoyek G, Wang L, Dexter PR, Zerr AD, Perkins AJ, James F, Juneja R. A web-based generalist-specialist system to improve scheduling of outpatient specialty consultations in an academic center. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 Jun;24(6):710-5. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-0971-3. Epub 2009 Apr 15.
• Fischer BS, Martinez E, Driscoll M, Conway T. Practice profile. Chicago: using evidence-based rules to make smarter referrals. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010 May;29(5):972-5. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0068. No abstract available.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: October 1, 2011
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 26, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 2, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): March 3, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): March 3, 2015
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 2, 2015
• Last Verified: February 1, 2015

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Health Services Accessibility
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Cardiovascular Diseases
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1023