Primary Care Pediatrics Learning Activity and Nutrition With Families (PLAN)

The Effectiveness of Family-based Weight Loss Treatment Implemented in Primary Care Centers

This study is designed to translate an evidence-based family-based weight loss treatment for childhood obesity (FBT) into primary care settings using co-located interventionists to serve as a model for care delivered within a patient-centered medical home. FBT will be compared to usual care (UC), and the families will be followed for a 2 year period to assess between group differences in the targeted child and parent outcomes, weight changes in non-targeted siblings who are overweight/obese, parent and child changes in delay of gratification, and how these changes relate to weight loss, and the assessment of how provider attitudes predict their intention to use FBT in the future. The results of this study will inform future dissemination and implementation of FBT into primary care settings.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pediatric Obesity
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Usual Care; Behavioral: Family-based treatment

Detailed Description

Family-based treatment (FBT) is a behavioral weight control intervention that targets children who have overweight/obesity and their parents, and has the capacity to improve the weight status of non-targeted family members such as siblings. FBT has significant positive effects on body weight in children for up to 10-years of follow-up, and a robust relationship is observed between child and parent outcomes. FBT's concurrent care of two generations of obesity in the family is more efficacious and cost-effective than if family members are treated by their separate health care providers. Despite its recognized efficacy, FBT is mainly available in specialty clinics and many children fail to receive this guideline-based level of treatment, as recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Primary care offers an optimal setting for delivery of FBT by capitalizing on the established relationship between primary care providers and families. Using interventionists co-located within the primary care setting overcomes barriers posed by fragmentation of care, and lack of provider time and training. One of the challenges to integrating childhood obesity treatment into primary care is optimizing limited health care resources. In behavioral weight loss programs, some individuals learn diet, physical activity, and behavior change information quickly, while others learn more slowly. Individuals also differ in their ability to implement treatment recommendations due to individual differences, such as problems with delaying gratification. FBT accommodates these individual differences by using a personalized system of instruction, or a mastery model, in which the content and dose of treatment is calibrated to the needs of the family, ensuring that treatment effort is consistent with need. This multi-site, clinical trial aims to evaluate over a two year period the effectiveness of FBT delivered by a trained interventionist co-located within primary care plus usual care delivered by the primary care provider (FBT) compared to usual care (UC). Participants will be a representative sample of 528 families with a 6-12 year-old child and a parent who have both overweight/obesity. Weight changes in approximately 228 siblings who have overweight/obesity and between 2-18 years of age will also be studied. This study will test between group differences in child (Primary Specific Aim 1A) and parent (Secondary Specific Aim 1) weight change, as well as weight change in siblings who have overweight/obesity (Secondary Aim 2), changes in parent and child delay of gratification, and how changes in delay of gratification are related to parent and child weight changes (Secondary Aim 3), participant level predictors of treatment success (Secondary Aim 4), and how provider attitudes toward evidence-based treatment and perceptions of FBT may relate to their intention to use colocated FBT in their practices in the future (Exploratory Aim 1). Establishing that FBT can be effectively implemented within real world settings is crucial to creating a system by which children and their families who suffer from obesity can be treated in a centralized primary care setting.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 1010
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Missouri
    • Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63110
      • Washington University in St. Louis
  • New York
    • Buffalo, New York, United States, 14214
      • University at Buffalo
    • Rochester, New York, United States, 14642
      • University of Rochester Medical Center
  • Ohio
    • Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43205
      • Nationwide Childrens Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 6 years and older (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion criteria:

The participating child will be between the ages of 6 and 12 and have a BMI above the 85th percentile for age and sex. The participating child will have at least one parent who has overweight or obesity (BMI>25) and who must agree to attend all parent/child treatment meetings as the participating parent. For families in which one parent has overweight/obesity, this parent will be required to be the participating parent in order for the family to be eligible for the study; if two parents have overweight/obesity, the family will choose one parent to enroll in the study. Similarly, if two children in the family have overweight/obesity, it will be encouraged that the older sibling be the primary participant, as it is more likely the younger sibling will model the older sibling. Though only the child who has overweight/obesity and the participating parent will be required to attend treatment sessions, all family members living in the household, including other adults and siblings, will be encouraged to participate indirectly by supporting changes in the family's lifestyle. Because a secondary aim of the study involves the tracking of treatment effects through the household to non-targeted siblings, heights and weights of at least one sibling with overweight/obesity (BMI>85th percentile for age and sex)in the family will be collected, if applicable. Only siblings ages 2- 18 would qualify. All participants must be able to speak and comprehend English at a first-grade level.

Exclusion Criteria:

The participating parent or child will not have had a concussion in the past three months; will not have any significant developmental delays or intellectual disabilities; will not be receiving treatment for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Diploma in Social Medicine (DSM-5) disorder that interferes with treatment delivered as part of the intervention; will not have a physical disability or diagnosis that prevents performance of physical activity at a level equivalent to a brisk walk or that places severe restriction on diet; will not be on a medication regimen that affects weight; will not have a medical condition that alters nutritional status, intestinal absorption, or affects weight; will not have undergone weight loss surgery; and will not be participating in an alternate weight control program. Families in which either the participating child or parent is actively involved in other weight-loss treatment, is using weight-affecting medications, or has an impairing psychiatric or medical condition that would hinder participation in the study will be excluded as identified by the screening assessments. Families that are planning to move or in which the participating parent is pregnant or is planning on becoming pregnant during the 2 year study period will also be excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Usual Care (UC); Usual Care will consist of the care typically delivered by the family's primary care provider for children with overweight or obesity. The implementations of UC may vary between providers but typically includes and assessment of the child's weight, help remove barriers to weight loss and introductions of goals for better weight management.	Behavioral: Usual Care; Usual care is a treatment that is normally provided to patients in pediatric offices by a pediatrician, physician assistant, or other primary care staff.; Other Names: UC
Experimental: Family-based treatment (FBT); Family- Based treatment utilizes behavior change techniques to target family-wide changes in diet and physical activity habits with the goal of promoting weight loss and subsequently healthy weight maintenance in all participants. Participants will have visits between 30 to 60 minutes as frequent as weekly and no longer than monthly over the two year study	Behavioral: Usual Care; Usual care is a treatment that is normally provided to patients in pediatric offices by a pediatrician, physician assistant, or other primary care staff.; Other Names: UC; Behavioral: Family-based treatment; Family based treatment as the invention to randomized participants. Family Based treatment utilizes behavior change techniques to target family-wide changes in diet and physical activity habits with the goal of promoting weight loss and subsequently healthy weight maintenance in all participants. Participants will have visits between 30 to 60 minutes as frequent as weekly and no longer than monthly over the two year study; Other Names: FBT

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Composition Measures of Targeted Child. Percent Change Over the Median BMI	Height and weight will be taken to calculate changes in over weight status for children in FBT versus UC. Change in percent over median BMI from baseline to 24-month. Percent over the age- and sex-specific 50th BMI percentile for kids, percent over the sex-specific 50th BMI percentile for 20-year-olds for parents. Parents are not included in this measurement. This measurement is to describe child body composition and not used for parents. Results are pooled across 10 multiple imputations and reported as mean (standard error)	0 - 24 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Body Composition Measures of Participating Parent. BMI (kg/m^2) Change From Baseline to 24 Month	Height and weight will be taken to calculate changes in over weight status for parents in FBT versus UC. Results are pooled across 10 multiple imputations and reported as mean (standard error)	0-24 months
Body Composition Measures, Siblings	Height and weight will be taken for non-targeted siblings to determine if weight loss effects of FBT extend beyond the participating parent and child.	0-24 months
Delay of Gratification	A computer task about choices will assess changes in delay of gratification for children and parents in FBT versus UC and how these changes are related to weight change.	0, 12, and 24 months

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Provider attitudes toward evidence-base treatments	A questionnaire regarding will assess providers' attitudes toward evidence-based treatments and their intentions of using it in the futureto predict their intention to incorporate co-located FBT into their practice settings.	0 month and 24 month

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: State University of New York at Buffalo
• Collaborators: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Denise Wilfley, PhD, Washington University in Saint Louis; Principal Investigator: Ken Schechtman, PhD, Washington University in Saint Louis; Principal Investigator: Leonard H Epstein, PhD, State University of New York at Buffalo

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Kolko RP, Kass AE, Hayes JF, Levine MD, Garbutt JM, Proctor EK, Wilfley DE. Provider Training to Screen and Initiate Evidence-Based Pediatric Obesity Treatment in Routine Practice Settings: A Randomized Pilot Trial. J Pediatr Health Care. 2017 Jan-Feb;31(1):16-28. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2016.01.001. Epub 2016 Feb 9.
• Maddison R, Marsh S, Foley L, Epstein LH, Olds T, Dewes O, Heke I, Carter K, Jiang Y, Mhurchu CN. Screen-Time Weight-loss Intervention Targeting Children at Home (SWITCH): a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Sep 10;11:111. doi: 10.1186/s12966-014-0111-2.
• Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Wrotniak BH, Daniel TO, Kilanowski C, Wilfley D, Finkelstein E. Cost-effectiveness of family-based group treatment for child and parental obesity. Child Obes. 2014 Apr;10(2):114-21. doi: 10.1089/chi.2013.0123. Epub 2014 Mar 21.
• Quattrin T, Roemmich JN, Paluch R, Yu J, Epstein LH, Ecker MA. Efficacy of family-based weight control program for preschool children in primary care. Pediatrics. 2012 Oct;130(4):660-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-0701. Epub 2012 Sep 17.
• Theim KR, Sinton MM, Stein RI, Saelens BE, Thekkedam SC, Welch RR, Epstein LH, Wilfley DE. Preadolescents' and parents' dietary coping efficacy during behavioral family-based weight control treatment. J Youth Adolesc. 2012 Jan;41(1):86-97. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9728-5. Epub 2011 Nov 12.

Helpful Links

• Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment for childhood obesity. Epstein, Leonard H.; Valoski, Alice; Wing, Rena R.; McCurley, James Health Psychology, Vol 13(5), Sep 1994, 373-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 20, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 31, 2021
• Study Completion (Actual): August 31, 2021

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 17, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 17, 2016
• First Posted (Estimated): August 19, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 28, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 21, 2024
• Last Verified: March 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Childhood weight control
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Overweight; Body Weight; Obesity; Pediatric Obesity
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1131521-174563; U01HL131552 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No