Effects of a Exercise Program on Health Outcomes in People With Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Effects of a Community Exercise Program on Physical, Physiological, and Psychosocial Health Outcomes in People With Diabetic Foot Ulcers

People with diabetes are at risk for life altering complications, including diabetic foot ulcers. To heal a diabetic foot ulcer, people are often required to refrain from bearing weight on their affected limb for months. These long periods of non-weight bearing can result in severe physical deconditioning, putting these individuals at risk for further health decline. The goal of this pilot, randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effects of a seated exercise program on clinically meaningful outcomes in people with diabetic foot ulcers. The long-term aim of this research is to improve overall health and quality of life in people with complications from diabetes.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Foot Ulcer
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: EnhanceFitness community exercise program

Detailed Description

People with diabetes are at risk for life-altering complications and comorbidities. One of the most serious complications is a diabetic foot ulcer, which significantly increases risk for limb amputation. To heal a diabetic foot ulcer, patients are often instructed to refrain from bearing weight on the affected limb. This non-weight bearing protocol results in extended periods of inactivity that can lead to severe physical deconditioning, including diminished strength, endurance, and flexibility. EnhanceFitness, a community exercise program designed for older adults, holds classes that can be adapted for people who are non-weight bearing due to a healing foot ulcer. These exercise classes focus specifically on strength training, aerobic fitness, and stretching - activities that can counteract progressive deconditioning in people with diabetic foot ulcer. Health benefits associated with exercise in people with diabetes are well-established. However, for those experiencing declines in health and physical function because of healing protocols for a diabetic foot ulcer, the potential benefits of exercise are not yet known. The proposed project aims to address this gap in diabetes research.

The long-term goal of this research is to improve the health and quality of life of people with complications from diabetes. The specific goal of this project is to evaluate the effect of a seated community exercise program, EnhanceFitness, on clinically-meaningful outcomes in people with diabetic foot ulcers. Study investigators will recruit people with diabetic foot ulcers from local wound care clinics and randomly assign them to two groups. The first group will engage in EnhanceFitness, an existing community fitness program appropriate for people with weight-bearing restrictions due to wound-healing protocols. The second group will receive the standard of care, which does not include exercise recommendations. To assess the effectiveness of the seated exercise program, the investigators will compare important health outcomes between people with diabetic foot ulcers participating in EnhanceFitness and a control group with diabetic foot ulcers. Specifically, the investigators will assess physical and physiological outcomes, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lower-extremity strength, and wound healing. The investigators will also measure psychosocial outcomes, such as depression, perceived physical function, overall health, and self-reported ability to continue with exercise. Further, the investigators will evaluate the feasibility of conducting research assessing the effects of seated exercise in people with foot ulcers. The data collected in this pilot research will be used to apply for large, extramural funding that aims to mitigate physical deconditioning in people with diabetic foot ulcers.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 24
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Washington
    • Seattle, Washington, United States, 98133
      • Northwest Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (ADULT, OLDER_ADULT)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18 or more years of age
• diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
• undergoing treatment for a Wagner grade II, III, or IV diabetic foot ulcer
• able to attend regular exercise classes and two data collection sessions

Exclusion Criteria:

• medical conditions where aerobic or resistance exercise is contraindicated (e.g., uncontrolled cardiovascular problems)
• a score of less than 18 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment indicating moderate cognitive impairment
• response from primary physician requesting that the participant not engage in exercise
• current participation in a regular exercise program (more than 30 minutes, more than 2 times a week)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: PREVENTION
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Interventional Model: PARALLEL
• Masking: NONE

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
EXPERIMENTAL: Exercise; EnhanceFitness exercise class, 1 hour, 3 times a week, duration of 12 weeks.	Other: EnhanceFitness community exercise program; Level I EnhanceFitness class is a seated fitness class that includes warm up, aerobics, cool down, balance training, strength training, and stretching.; Other Names: Seated Exercise; Group exercise; Fitness program
NO_INTERVENTION: Control; Usual care.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 12-week Session	Average blood glucose over a three-month period	12 weeks post-intervention
Chair Stand Test (5x Sit-to-Stand) at 12-week Session	Measure of functional mobility and lower extremity strength. The 5x Sit-to-Stand test measures the total amount of time that it takes a individual to stand up and sit down in a chair five times. The individual is asked to stand up and sit down five times as quickly as they are able. The research staff started the stopwatch on "begin" and stopped timing after the individual had completed the fifth round of standing/sitting. Faster times are better, and scores are recorded in seconds.	12 weeks post-intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
PROMIS-Global at 12-week Session	Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global 10-item short form. Results are reported as a T-score. PROMIS-Global is a self-reported questionnaire to assess global health. T-scores are calculated for 2 subscales- physical health and mental health. A higher T-score indicates better physical health and better mental health; a T-score of 50 indicates the general population mean with a standard deviation of 10. T-scores for physical health range from 16.2 to 67.7. T-scores for mental health range from 21.2 to 67.6.	12 weeks post-intervention
PROMIS-Depression at 12 Weeks	Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression 4-item short form. Results are reported as a T-score. PROMIS-Depression is a self-reported questionnaire to assess depression. A higher T-score indicates greater depression; a T-score of 50 indicates the general population mean with a standard deviation of 10. T-scores range from 41.0 to 79.4 for the 4-item short form.	12 weeks post-intervention
PROMIS-Physical Function	Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function 11-item short form. Results are reported as a T-score. PROMIS-Physical Function is a self-reported questionnaire to assess physical function. A higher T-score indicates better physical function; a T-score of 50 indicates the general population mean with a standard deviation of 10. T-scores range from 11.9 to 57.9 for the 11-item short form.	12 weeks post-intervention
Retention	Feasibility measure- did the participant attend all study data collection sessions?	Through the end of study participation, approximately 12 weeks
Adherence	Feasibility measure- % classes attended by participants in the intervention group	Through the end of study participation, approximately 12 weeks
EnhanceFitness Program Evaluation	Feasibility measure, satisfaction with exercise program for participants in the intervention group. This satisfaction measure was designed by EnhanceFitness. It included 5 items, each item was rated by participants as 1 (not at all satisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). Responses for the five questions were summed and divided by 5. Scores ranged from 1-5, with better scored indicating higher satisfaction.	12-weeks post-intervention
Adverse Events	Feasibility measure- number of adverse events, if any, that occurred for each participant.	Through the end of study participation, approximately 12 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Recruitment	Feasibility measure- were overall recruitment targets reached? This feasibility measure will be assessed for the overall study and not for each participant.	At the completion of the 2-year study

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Washington
• Collaborators: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: January 1, 2017
• Primary Completion (ACTUAL): June 1, 2018
• Study Completion (ACTUAL): June 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 14, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: December 20, 2016
• First Posted (ESTIMATE): December 23, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (ACTUAL): October 6, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 29, 2022
• Last Verified: September 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Skin Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetic Angiopathies; Leg Ulcer; Skin Ulcer; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Foot Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Foot; Foot Ulcer; Ulcer
• Other Study ID Numbers: 52222; P30DK017047 (NIH)