- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03252158
Altering the Availability of Healthier vs. Less Healthy Items in Vending Machines
Impact of the Availability of Healthier vs. Less Healthy Foods and Beverages on Purchasing From Hospital Vending Machines
Background: While there is some evidence that increasing the range of healthier foods and drinks and/or decreasing the range of less healthy options may increase healthier choices, more work is needed to establish the reproducibility of any effect. The current study aims to investigate the impact of altering the availability of healthier and less healthy foods and cold beverages in hospital vending machines.
Methods: An adapted multiple treatment reversal design will be used, in which all standard vending machines serving snack foods and/or cold beverages in one hospital in England change the number of slots containing (i) less healthy items and (ii) healthier items over eight 4-week periods. Changes will take place in a two-step process whereby decreases are implemented in a separate study period prior to increases in the contrasting food group. Following a 4-week baseline period, all vending machines will be standardised to have 75% healthier drinks and/or 25% healthier snacks (study period 1). Vending machines (n=9) will be randomly allocated to the order in which they: (1) decrease less healthy foods and increase healthier foods or (2) decrease healthier foods and increase less healthy foods (study periods 2&3 and 5&6). After each decrease-increase pair, machines will return to the standardised 75% healthier drinks and 25% healthier snacks (study periods 4 and 7). Sales data will be obtained via records of machine restocking.
Planned Analysis: The impact of the availability intervention will be assessed in separate linear mixed models for cold drinks and snacks, examining the impact on total energy (kcal) purchased, per restocking interval, with random effects for vending machine.
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
-
-
Cambridgeshire
-
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, CB2 0SR
- University of Cambridge
-
-
Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
- Child
- Adult
- Older Adult
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- All vending machines at one UK hospital selling standard-fare (i.e. not healthier alternatives) cold beverages and snack foods
Exclusion Criteria:
- Healthier alternative vending machines; vending machines selling hot drinks or meals
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Basic Science
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Decrease less healthy item availability
Intervention: Availability of healthier vs. less healthy foods Remove less healthy items in 20% of slots, then fill the empty slots with healthier items. |
Altering the number of slots containing (a) healthier and (b) less healthy foods or beverages in hospital vending machines. Changes follow a 2-step process whereby decreases are implemented in a separate study period prior to increases in the contrasting group. Following a 4-week baseline period, all vending machines will be standardised to have 75% healthier drinks and/or 25% healthier snacks (study period 1). Vending machines will be randomly allocated to the order in which they: (1) decrease less healthy foods and increase healthier foods or (2) decrease healthier foods and increase less healthy foods (study periods 2&3 and 5&6). After each decrease-increase pair, machines will return to the standardised 75% healthier drinks / 25% healthier snacks (study periods 4 and 7). |
Experimental: Decrease healthier item availability
Intervention: Availability of healthier vs. less healthy foods Remove healthier items in 20% of slots, then fill the empty slots with less healthy items. |
Altering the number of slots containing (a) healthier and (b) less healthy foods or beverages in hospital vending machines. Changes follow a 2-step process whereby decreases are implemented in a separate study period prior to increases in the contrasting group. Following a 4-week baseline period, all vending machines will be standardised to have 75% healthier drinks and/or 25% healthier snacks (study period 1). Vending machines will be randomly allocated to the order in which they: (1) decrease less healthy foods and increase healthier foods or (2) decrease healthier foods and increase less healthy foods (study periods 2&3 and 5&6). After each decrease-increase pair, machines will return to the standardised 75% healthier drinks / 25% healthier snacks (study periods 4 and 7). |
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Energy purchased
Time Frame: Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Energy purchased (kcal) per restocking interval from intervention (standard-fare) vending machines
|
Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
---|---|---|
Number of items sold
Time Frame: Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Number of items sold per restocking interval from intervention (standard-fare) vending machines
|
Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Energy purchased (healthier alternative machines)
Time Frame: Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Energy purchased (kcal) per restocking interval from non-intervention (healthier-fare) vending machines
|
Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Number of items sold (healthier alternative machines)
Time Frame: Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Number of items sold per restocking interval from non-intervention (healthier-fare) vending machines
|
Restocking interval (between 2-4 days; restocking occurs on set weekdays for each machine, to match usual restocking)
|
Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Rachel Pechey, PhD, University of Cambridge
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Other Study ID Numbers
- PRE.2017.029
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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