Short-term B-cell Depletion in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Evaluating the Effects of Short-term B-cell Depletion on Long-term Disease Activity and Immune Tolerance in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been shown to be effective in reducing the disease activity in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) but these treatments, often need to be used continuously for an unknown duration, rendering the long-term use extremely expensive. In addition, chronic administration of DMTs is often associated with undesirable side effects. Among these medications, B-cell depleting monoclonal antibodies might have the properties of an ideal group of medications: i) B-cell depleting antibodies have proven to be extremely potent in reducing or stopping the disease activity in relapsing MS, ii) B-cell depleting antibodies are very safe if used for a short period and use for a short duration may stop the inflammatory disease activity over long term, although current clinical practice and protocols are based on continuing B-cell depletion for an unknown period of time. Indeed, early phase clinical trials of rituximab and ocrelizumab suggested that a short course treatment with B-cell depleting antibodies can have long term effects and disease activity will not return even long after B-cell repopulation in the blood.

This long-term effect might be related to the specific pattern of B-cell tolerance defect in patients with MS and the potential of its normalization with B-cell depleting antibodies. By analyzing the reactivity of recombinant antibodies expressed from single B-cells, the investigators' collaborators have demonstrated that the pattern of B-cell tolerance defect is different in people with MS who only display an impaired removal of developing autoreactive B-cells in the periphery while central B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is functional in most patients. In contrast, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type-1 diabetes (T1D) or Sjögren's syndrome (SS) show defective central and peripheral B-cell tolerance checkpoints. As a consequence, while anti-B-cell therapy does not correct defective early B-cell tolerance checkpoints in T1D and only temporarily slows down autoimmune processes before newly generated autoreactive B-cells likely induce patient relapse, the investigators postulate that the efficacy of B-cell depleting antibodies in MS may be linked to the B-cell depleting antibodies' normal central B-cell tolerance and the production of a normal B-cell and T-cell compartment after anti-B-cell therapy.

The investigators' goal is to provide proof-of-concept that a short duration of treatment with B-cell depleting antibodies can correct B-cell tolerance defects in MS and allow for medication-free prolonged freedom from disease activity, at least in a proportion of subjects with relapsing MS.

In an open label study, 10 patients with active relapsing MS will be treated with two courses of ocrelizumab and will be followed clinically and radiologically for at least two and a half years. Time to the return of disease activity (defined as clinical relapses or new or enhancing lesions on the MRI) will be the primary outcome of the study. The investigators will harvest B-cells before starting the treatment and after B-cell repopulation and assess the central and peripheral tolerance defects. The investigators hypothesize that in most participants, the disease activity will not come back, and this prolonged response to anti cluster of differentiation 20 (CD-20) therapy is associated with normalization of B-cell tolerance defect in these patients. Considering the safety of this approach, it can be adopted widely among people with MS. Hence, the proposed B-cell analyses before and after B-cell depletion in people with MS will provide novel insights regarding the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of B-cell depleting antibodies and the potential long-term suppression of disease activity. This strategy can therefore improve the approach to treatment of many people with relapsing MS.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Multiple Sclerosis
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Ocrelizumab

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Maryland
    • Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21287
      • Johns Hopkins University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 99 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18 years and older.
• Diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) based on revised McDonald criteria
• At least two Gd-enhancing lesions on the brain or spinal cord MRI done in the prior three months
• Naïve to disease modifying therapies or using an injectable therapy (interferons or glatiramer acetate); or, if history of receiving natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide, no exposure for past three months
• Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score at the time of screening =<3

Exclusion Criteria:

• Contraindication to treatment with B-cell depleting antibodies, including being seropositive for HBsAg or HIV antibody or T-spot (or Quantiferon-Gold) positive
• Ever received B-cell depleting antibodies (rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab), alemtuzumab, daclizumab, mitoxantrone or hematopoietic stem-cell transplant
• Female who are pregnant, nursing or unwilling to use contraception up to six months after the second course of the infusion (or 12 months after the first infusion)
• Treatment with steroids in the past 30 days
• Clinically unstable medical or psychiatric disorders at the time of screening that require acute treatment as determined by the PI

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Ocrelizumab; All participants will receive Ocrelizumab	Drug: Ocrelizumab; Patient will be treated with two courses of ocrelizumab (Ocrevus) for one year and then will stop the medication and will be monitored for the return of the disease activity. Those who experience return of the disease activity can go back on the medication.; Other Names: Ocrevus

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients With a Return of Disease Activity After the Third Month Post-first-infusion	Number of patients with a return of disease activity after the third month post-first-infusion, objectively demonstrated by development of new T2 hyperintense lesions or Gd-enhancing lesions on the MRI or a clinical relapse that is confirmed with an objective change in the neurological examination.	27 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change in Disability as Assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)	EDSS scores range from 0 to 10, with 0.5 steps. The higher the score, the worse the MS-related disability. Although the outcome was measured every six months, we used a linear mixed-effects model to analyze the data. The coefficient from this model represents the change in the outcome per unit of time (month), allowing for a consistent interpretation of the rate of change.	Every 6 months, up to 30 months
Change in a Quality of Life Measure as Assessed by Neuro-QoL Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) Fatigue Test	The CAT produces a T-score (standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10). A higher Neuro-QoL T-score represents more of the concept being measured. Here is the change in score from baseline to month 30. Although the outcome was measured every six months, we used a linear mixed-effects model to analyze the data. The coefficient from this model represents the change in the outcome per unit of time (month), allowing for a consistent interpretation of the rate of change.	Every 6 months, up to 30 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Johns Hopkins University
• Collaborators: National Multiple Sclerosis Society
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Bardia Nourbakhsh, MD, MAS, Johns Hopkins University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 1, 2019
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 1, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): July 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 22, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 22, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): February 26, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 25, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 3, 2025
• Last Verified: February 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Autoimmune Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Demyelinating Diseases; Multiple Sclerosis; Sclerosis; Immunologic Factors; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Ocrelizumab
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB00201318

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No