The Effects of Snack Size and Variety on Appetite Control, Satiety, and Eating Behavior in Healthy Adults.

The investigators propose a randomized snack study in normal to obese adults that will test whether snack size, choice, or variety has an influence on daily snack intake.

Aim 1: To validate the in-house packout methodology with 3-day dietary recalls. Aim 2: To examine whether snack variety or snack package size will influence free-living snacking behavior.

Aim 3: To identify whether a correlation exists between mindful eating and free-living snacking behavior.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Snacking
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Packout

Detailed Description

Participants will complete 4 different snack patterns. Each pattern will include 3 nonconsecutive weekdays (i.e., Monday/Wednesday/Friday; Tuesday/Thursday/Monday, etc.). The snack patterns will be performed at home/work.

The first pattern will simply be a measurement of typical snack habits. For each of the 3 days, the participant will enter all foods and beverages consumed using the online program, Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA-24).

For the other 3 patterns, different snack packouts will be provided to the participant for 3 nonconsecutive weekdays/pattern. The only difference between the packouts is the type of foods provided. The packouts contain commercially available foods commonly eaten by people who snack. Following lunch, the participant will be permitted to eat as much or as little as he/she chooses from the packout until going to bed. Beverages will not be provided and the participant could drink whatever he/she typically consumes.

For all patterns, the participant will be provided with a standardized breakfast, lunch, and dinner to consume at home/work for each of the 3 days/pattern.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 31
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Indiana
    • West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907
      • Purdue University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 55 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. age range 18-55 y
2. normal weight to overweight/obese (BMI: 18-32 kg/m2)
3. healthy, non-diabetic
4. not currently or previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
5. non-smoking (for the past 6 months)
6. not been clinically diagnosed with an eating disorder
7. habitually eat afternoon/evening snacks at least 4 days/week

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Clinically diagnosed with an eating disorder
2. Metabolic, hormonal, and/or neural conditions/diseases that influence metabolism or appetite
3. Currently or previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
4. Gained/lost >10 lb. over the past 6 months
5. Taking medication that would directly influence appetite (weight-loss drugs or antidepressant, steroid, or thyroid medication, unless dosage has been stable for at least 3 months)
6. Not willing or able to complete all study testing procedures

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control; For 3 days during the control snack pattern, the participants will be asked to complete dietary recalls concerning their afternoon and evening snacking behavior. The participants will use the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24) system which was developed by the National Cancer Institute.
Active Comparator: Standard Packout; This packout contains a variety of foods to be consumed, ad libitum, throughout the remainder of the day following the standardized lunch.	Behavioral: Packout; Each packout provided during 3 of the 4 snack patterns will contain a variety of foods to be consumed, ad libitum, throughout the remainder of the day following the standardized lunch. There are 3 different packouts that will be provided for 3 nonconsecutive weekdays (for a total of 9 packouts). Each packout contains the same calories and types of foods. However, they differ in packaging size and variety.
Active Comparator: Large Package Packout; This packout contains a variety of foods to be consumed, ad libitum, throughout the remainder of the day following the standardized lunch. It differs from the Standard Packout in that the package sizes of all the foods are larger (though food amount remains the same).	Behavioral: Packout; Each packout provided during 3 of the 4 snack patterns will contain a variety of foods to be consumed, ad libitum, throughout the remainder of the day following the standardized lunch. There are 3 different packouts that will be provided for 3 nonconsecutive weekdays (for a total of 9 packouts). Each packout contains the same calories and types of foods. However, they differ in packaging size and variety.
Active Comparator: Variety Packout; This packout contains a variety of foods to be consumed, ad libitum, throughout the remainder of the day following the standardized lunch. It differs from the Standard Packout in that there is about twice as much snack variety (though food amount remains the same).	Behavioral: Packout; Each packout provided during 3 of the 4 snack patterns will contain a variety of foods to be consumed, ad libitum, throughout the remainder of the day following the standardized lunch. There are 3 different packouts that will be provided for 3 nonconsecutive weekdays (for a total of 9 packouts). Each packout contains the same calories and types of foods. However, they differ in packaging size and variety.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Ad libitum Snack Energy Intake	Free-living energy intake will be assessed on the three testing days of each testing arm. For the control testing days, the participant will be provided with a standardized breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and will be required to log any snacks consumed on the Automated Self-Administered Recall System (ASA24). For each pack-out testing day, the participant will be provided a standardized breakfast, lunch, and dinner, as well as an excess of snacks to consume, ad libitum, throughout the day. All food items will be initially weighed and recorded. The participants will be instructed to return all uneaten foods as well as all wrappers and containers from consumed food. Any partially eaten, returned items will be weighed accordingly. The snacking and daily energy intake (as well as protein, carbohydrate, sugar, fiber, and fat intake) will be assessed from these pack-outs.	12 testing days across ~4-6 weeks
Ad libitum Food Category Intake	Free-living food category intake will be assessed on the three testing days of each packout. The participant will be provided a standardized breakfast, lunch, and dinner, as well as an excess of snacks to consume, ad libitum, throughout the day. All food items will be initially weighed and recorded. The participants will be instructed to return all uneaten foods as well as all wrappers and containers from consumed food. Any partially eaten, returned items will be weighed accordingly. The snack intake of different food categories (i.e. desserts and candy, salty, high fat, high sugar, fruits and vegetables) will be assessed from these pack-outs.	9 testing days across ~3-5 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Intuitive Eating Score (1-5)	Participant will complete Intuitive Eating Scale-2 survey in order to receive an Intuitive Eating Score. The survey includes a 1 to 5 likert scale with 1 being 'strongly disagree' and 5 being 'strongly agree'. Min score is 1; Max score is 5. The higher the number, the greater the intuitive eating.	Baseline (at beginning of study)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Purdue University
• Collaborators: Sabra Dipping Company, LLC
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Heather J Leidy, PhD, Purdue University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Reister EJ, Leidy HJ. Snack Package Size and Variety Differentially Influence Energy Intake and Food Choices in Healthy Adults. Curr Dev Nutr. 2022 Jan 17;6(2):nzac004. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzac004. eCollection 2022 Feb.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): October 1, 2018
• Primary Completion (Actual): April 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Actual): April 1, 2019

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 5, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 6, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): May 7, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): January 21, 2022
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 5, 2022
• Last Verified: January 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: intuitive eating; package size; food variety
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1807020783

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: Yes
• IPD Plan Description: Data obtained through this study may be provided to qualified researchers with academic interest in snacking behavior. Data shared will be coded, with no protected health information or identifiable data. A material transfer agreement is requested with approval of the sharing of data.
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: After 6 months following the publication of the study data, data requests can be submitted for approval. The data will be available for up to 24 months post-publication.
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: Access can be requested by qualified researchers engaging in independent scientific research. For more information or to submit a request, please contact Heather Leidy at Heather.Leidy@austin.utexas.edu.
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: Study Protocol; Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP); Informed Consent Form (ICF)

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No