Turkish Validation of The Drooling Impact Scale

Reliability and Construct Validity of the Turkish Version of the Drooling Impact Scale Among Children With Cerebral Palsy

The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability and construct validity of the Turkish version of the Drooling Impact Scale in children with cerebral palsy

Study Overview

• Status: Unknown
• Conditions: Cerebral Palsy; Hypersalivation
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Drooling Impact Scale; Other: Drooling Frequency and Severity Scale; Other: The Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD™); Other: Drooling Quotient (DQ); Other: Patient and caregiver visual analog scale (VAS) for drooling; Other: Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS); Other: number of bibs daily used; Other: number of hospital admissions per year related to respiratory infections; Other: Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS); Other: Manual Ability Classification System (MACS); Other: Communication Function Classification System (CFCS); Other: Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS)

Detailed Description

Drooling is common among several neurologic disorders such as cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which are the main diseases that physiatrist are one of the leading physicians involved in whose management 1. Drooling can be seen either as anterior drooling, unintentional leaving of saliva from mouth to outside of the body, or posterior drooling, invisible spill of saliva from mouth through pharyngeal isthmus and then to respiratory or digestive tract, inside the body 2. Anterior drooling causes psycho-social impairment, skin problems, infections, bad odor, dehydration, dentation problems and wet clothes and tools while posterior drooling may result in morbidity by posing a risk for aspiration pneumonia. Despite the frequency and significance of the condition, there is still a paucity of research and inadequate evidence about the various treatments and valid and reliable outcomes available. A major problem for research into interventions to reduce drooling is that there is no valid and reliable measurement tool of saliva control. There is no questionnaire in Turkish to evaluate the effects of drooling as well as drooling interventions.The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability and construct validity of the Turkish version of the Drooling Impact Scale in children with cerebral palsy.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Anticipated): 30

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Evrim Karadag-Saygi, Prof; Phone Number: +902166570606162; Email: evrimkaradag4@hotmail.com

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Istanbul, Turkey, 34899
    • Recruiting
    • Esra Giray
    • Contact: Esra Giray; Phone Number: 05558134394; Email: girayesra@hotmail.com

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 4 years to 16 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients with unilateral or bilateral, spastic, dyskinetic or mixed type cerebral palsy at between the ages of 4-16 and GMFCS level 3,4,5

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with unilateral or bilateral cerebral palsy at between the ages of 4-16
2. Spastic, dyskinetic or mixed type cerebral palsy
3. GMFCS level 3,4,5
4. Stable drooling within at least one month

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Active infection of salivary glands
2. Upper respiratory tract infection at the time of testing
3. History of anticholinergic drug intake in the past three weeks
4. Occurance of any above between test and re-test assessment that may interfere with the results

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Observational Models: Case-Only
• Time Perspectives: Prospective

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Intervention / Treatment

Patients with cerebral palsy; Patients with cerebral palsy at between the ages of 4-16 years and at Gross Motor Function Classification Levels of 3,4,5

Other: Drooling Impact Scale; A scale with 10 items which are scored with visual analog scale from1 to 10. Drooling impact increases with increased scores.; Other: Drooling Frequency and Severity Scale; In this scale, parents or care givers were asked to rate the severity and frequency of drooling, classifying severity of drooling using a 5-level domain ranging from 1 (dry) to 5 (profuse drooling). The frequency of drooling was classified using a 4-level domain ranging from 1(no drooling) to 4 (constant drooling); Other: The Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD™); A quality of life scale that measure caregivers' perspectives on the health status, comfort, well being, and ease of caregiving of children with severe developmental disabilities. CPCHILD consists of 36 items distributed over six sections representing the following domains: (1) Personal Care (eight items); (2) Positioning, Transfer, and Mobility (eight items); (3) Communication and Social Interaction (seven items); (4) Comfort, Emotions, and Behaviour (nine items); (5) Health (three items); and (6) Overall Quality Of Life (one item). For the sections which involve the performance of skills, the degree of difficulty of accomplishing each task or activity was rated on a 7-point ordinal scale anchored by 0 ('No problem at all') to 6 ('Impossible').; Other: Drooling Quotient (DQ); DQ is a semi-quantitative method that assesses the presence of newly formed saliva on the lips every 15 seconds with 40 observations in 10 minutes, expressed as a percentage based on the ratio between the number of observed drooling episodes and the total number of observations.; Other: Patient and caregiver visual analog scale (VAS) for drooling; Patients will be asked to score their children's drooling severity on a visual analog scale (0-100 mm, 0 none to 100 severe); Other: Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS); Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) which is a 7-point ordinal scale document the functional level of oral intake of food and liquid.; Other: number of bibs daily used; Parents will be asked their children's number of bibs daily used.; Other: number of hospital admissions per year related to respiratory infections; Parents will be asked their children's number of hospital admissions per year related to respiratory infections.; Other: Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS); The GMFCS describes self-initiated movement and use of assistive devices (walkers, crutches, canes, wheelchairs) for mobility during an individual's usual activity.; Other: Manual Ability Classification System (MACS); The MACS is also a simple, five-point ordinal classification system and was designed for use in children ages 4-18 years. The MACS is a validated measure in cerebral palsy that can be used to classify a child's typical use of both hands and upper limbs.; Other: Communication Function Classification System (CFCS); The CFCS is a simple, five-point ordinal classification system that assesses everyday communication (not optimal communication) of children with cerebral palsy.; Other: Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS); EDACS is a measure to assess eating and drinking ability for children with CP, ages 3 and older. This classification is a simple five-point ordinal system.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Drooling Impact Scale	A scale with 10 items which are scored with visual analog scale from1 to 10. Drooling impact increases with increased scores.	Day 0
Drooling Impact Scale	A scale with 10 items which are scored with visual analog scale from1 to 10. Drooling impact increases with increased scores.	Day 3

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Drooling Frequency and Severity Scale	n this scale, parents or care givers were asked to rate the severity and frequency of drooling, classifying severity of drooling using a 5-level domain ranging from 1 (dry) to 5 (profuse drooling). The frequency of drooling was classified using a 4-level domain ranging from 1(no drooling) to 4 (constant drooling)	Day 0
The Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD™)	A quality of life scale that measure caregivers' perspectives on the health status, comfort, well being, and ease of caregiving of children with severe developmental disabilities. CPCHILD consists of 36 items distributed over six sections representing the following domains: (1) Personal Care (eight items); (2) Positioning, Transfer, and Mobility (eight items); (3) Communication and Social Interaction (seven items); (4) Comfort, Emotions, and Behaviour (nine items); (5) Health (three items); and (6) Overall Quality Of Life (one item). For the sections which involve the performance of skills, the degree of difficulty of accomplishing each task or activity was rated on a 7-point ordinal scale anchored by 0 ('No problem at all') to 6 ('Impossible').	Day 0
Drooling Quotient (DQ)	DQ is a semi-quantitative method that assesses the presence of newly formed saliva on the lips every 15 seconds with 40 observations in 10 minutes, expressed as a percentage based on the ratio between the number of observed drooling episodes and the total number of observations.	Day 0
Patient and caregiver visual analog scale (VAS) for drooling	Patients will be asked to score their children's drooling severity on a visual analog scale.	Day 0
Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS)	Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) which is a 7-point ordinal scale document the functional level of oral intake of food and liquid.	Day 0
number of bibs daily used	Parents will be asked their children's number of bibs daily used.	Day 0
number of hospital admissions per year related to respiratory infections	Parents will be asked their children's number of hospital admissions per year related to respiratory infections.	Day 0
Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)	The GMFCS describes self-initiated movement and use of assistive devices (walkers, crutches, canes, wheelchairs) for mobility during an individual's usual activity.	Day 0
Manual Ability Classification System (MACS)	The MACS is also a simple, five-point ordinal classification system and was designed for use in children ages 4-18 years. The MACS is a validated measure in cerebral palsy that can be used to classify a child's typical use of both hands and upper limbs.	Day 0
Communication Function Classification System (CFCS)	The CFCS is a simple, five-point ordinal classification system that assesses everyday communication (not optimal communication) of children with cerebral palsy.	Day 0
Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS)	EDACS is a measure to assess eating and drinking ability for children with CP, ages 3 and older. This classification is a simple five-point ordinal system.	Day 0

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Marmara University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Nida Yektauşakları, PT, Marmara University School of Health Sciences; Principal Investigator: Fatma Özer, Student, Marmara University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Lakraj AA, Moghimi N, Jabbari B. Sialorrhea: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatment with emphasis on the role of botulinum toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2013 May 21;5(5):1010-31. doi: 10.3390/toxins5051010.
• Erasmus CE, van Hulst K, Rotteveel JJ, Willemsen MA, Jongerius PH. Clinical practice: swallowing problems in cerebral palsy. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Mar;171(3):409-14. doi: 10.1007/s00431-011-1570-y. Epub 2011 Sep 20.
• Pesheva P, Kuklinski S, Schmitz B, Probstmeier R. Galectin-3 promotes neural cell adhesion and neurite growth. J Neurosci Res. 1998 Dec 1;54(5):639-54. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19981201)54:53.0.CO;2-2.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): November 25, 2019
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): August 30, 2020
• Study Completion (Anticipated): August 30, 2020

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: October 17, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 17, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): October 21, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 27, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 25, 2019
• Last Verified: October 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: validity; cerebral palsy; hypersalivation; drooling impact scale
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Brain Damage, Chronic; Stomatognathic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Salivary Gland Diseases; Cerebral Palsy; Sialorrhea
• Other Study ID Numbers: 09.2019.963

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No
• IPD Plan Description: The data that support the findings of this study will be available on request from the corresponding author (EG). The data will not be publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No