"Connected Caesarean Section": Creating a Virtual Link Between Mothers and Their Infants to Improve Maternal Childbirth Experience: A Pilot Trial (e-motion-pilot)

"connEcted Caesarean Section": Creating a Virtual Link Between MOthers and Their infanTs to ImprOve Maternal Childbirth experieNce: a PILOT Trial (E-motion-pilot)

One third of mothers rate their childbirth as traumatic. The prevalence of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) is of 4.7% and the prevalence of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (CB-PTSS) of 12.3%. Skin-to-skin contact is a protective factor against CB-PTSD. However, during a caesarean section (CS), skin-to-skin contact is not always feasible and mothers and infants are often separated. In those cases, there is no validated and available solution to substitute this unique protective factor. Based on the results observed in studies using virtual reality (VR) and head-mounted displays (HMDs) and studies on childbirth experience, we hypothesize that enabling the mother to have a visual and auditory contact with her baby could improve her childbirth experience whilst she and her baby are separated. To facilitate this connection, we will use a 2D 360° camera filming the baby linked securely to a head-mounted device (HMD) that the mother can wear during the end of the surgery.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; Childbirth Experience
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Head-mounted display

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 71
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Switzerland
  • Lausanne, Switzerland, 1010
    • Prof. Antje Horsch

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Women aged 18 years old or older
• Planned or unplanned CS at ≥ 34 weeks gestation
• Gave birth to a healthy baby according to pediatric evaluation (APGAR score ≥ 7 at 5 minutes)
• Gave oral consent followed by a written confirmation of consent
• Skin-to-skin contact is not possible or was prematurely interrupted
• Speaks French well enough to participate in study assessments
• Eligibility confirmed by an independent physician for the intervention group
• Partner gave oral consent to be filmed for the intervention group.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Has an established intellectual disability or psychotic illness
• Has photosensitive epilepsy
• Caesarean section under general anesthesia

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Interventional Model: Sequential Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
No Intervention: Control; The control group will have the standard-of-care treatment.
Experimental: Interventional; The interventional group will have a head-mounted display whilst still in the operating theatre airing a live video of their newborn filmed by a 2D 360° camera to enable a visual and auditory contact.	Device: Head-mounted display; The intervention is a visual and auditory contact via a head-mounted display (HMD) worn by the mother airing a live video of her newborn filmed by a 2D 360° camera during and after a caesarean section. The HMD will be worn by the new mother from the moment that her newborn is moved to an adjacent room to receive the initial care until the moment when they can be reunited again. The camera will be placed in the adjacent room where the newborn, the mother's partner and a midwife will be. The camera will film the newborn and transmit the live images and the sound to the HMD worn by the mother. The mother will be able to see and hear what happens in the next room and change her angle of view by moving her head from one side to another.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2 (CEQ-2)	Standardised questionnaire of childbirth experience. This self-reported questionnaire measures the maternal childbirth experience with four different subscales: own capacity, perceived safety, professional support and participation. There are 19 items rated on a 4 point Likert scale ranging from 1=totally disagree to 4=totally agree and 3 items rated on a VAS from 1 to 100. Rating of negatively worded statements are reversed. Higher scores indicates a better childbirth experience. The minimum value is 1 and the maximum is 4 points.	1 week after the birth

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Perceived Pain Item	Evaluation of experienced pain using the Pain Item during the caesarean section. A visual analogue scale from 0 to 10 will be shown to the participant. She will be asked to evaluate her pain level on that scale. 0 means no pain at all, 10 is the worst pain imaginable.	During the caesarean section
Perceived Stress Item	Evaluation of experienced the stress using the Stress Item. A visual analogue scale from 0 to 10 will be shown to the participant. She will be asked to evaluate her stess level on that scale. 0 means no stress at all, 10 is the worst stress imaginable.	At the end of the caesarean section
Perceived Pain Item	Evaluation of experienced pain using the Pain Item. A visual analogue scale from 0 to 10 will be shown to the participant. She will be asked to evaluate her pain level on that scale. 0 means no pain at all, 10 is the worst pain imaginable.	At the end of the caesarean section
Satisfaction of the intervention	For the interventional group, their satisfaction of the intervention will be assessed. 12 questions will be asked to the participants of the interventional group on their global satisfaction of the intervention, the utility of the intervention, the comfort of the HMD, the quality of the images, sound and camera-HMD connection, advantages and disadvantages of the HMD. 3 questions will be evaluated on a 5-point Likert-scale. 4 questions will require a yes-no answer and 5 questions will be open questions. This questionnaire is used as a qualitative questionnaire.	1 week after the caesarean section
Maternal symptoms of anxiety or depression	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D) This self-reported questionnaire measures the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms during the week before replying to the questions. There are two subscales; anxiety and depression. Each of them consists of seven items scored on a four point Likert scale (0= never, 3=most of the time). Higher score reflects greater severity. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum is 42 points.	1 week after the caesarean section
Mother-infant bonding	Mother-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) This eight points self-reported questionnaire assesses the mother's feelings towards her newborn in the first week after birth. The eights items are statements describing an emotional response and are rated on a four point Likert scale (0=very much, 3=not at all). Higher score denote worse bonding. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum is 24 points.	1 week after the caesarean section
Satisfaction of the birth	Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) The BSS-R is a 10-item self-reported questionnaire assessing the perceptions of the birth in order to determine women's satisfaction of their birth experience. It consists of one higher-order factor, experience of childbearing, containing three lower-order factors: quality of care provision, women's personal attributes and stress experienced during labor. The items are evaluated on a Likert-type scale that requests participants to rate their level of agreement with each item (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). Four of the items are reverse-coded. Higher score denotes a worse satisfaction of the birth. The minimum value is 10 and the maximum is 50 points.	1 week after the caesarean section
Maternal symptoms of anxiety or depression	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D) This self-reported questionnaire measures the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms during the week before replying to the questions. There are two subscales; anxiety and depression. Each of them consists of seven items scored on a four point Likert scale (0= never, 3=most of the time). Higher score reflects greater severity. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum is 42 points.	1 month after the caesarean section
Maternal symptoms of PTSD	City Birth Trauma Scale (CityBiTS) (CityBiTS). The City Birth Trauma Scale is a 29-item questionnaire measuring birth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-5 criteria of (A) stressor criteria, (B) symptoms of re-experiencing, (C) avoidance, (D) negative cognitions and mood, (E) hyperarousal, (F) duration of symptoms, (E) signification distress or impairment and (F) exclusion criteria or other causes. Items are evaluated with yes/no/maybe or by frequency of the symptoms. A higher score indicates a higher level of PTSD symptoms. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum is 78 points.	1 month after the caesarean section

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Evolution of the haemodynamic parameters during the caesarean section	The investigators will monitor the haemodynamic parameters during the caesarean section. anesthesia, use of medication, Perceived Pain Item	During the caesarean section
Presence of perioperative shivers during the caesarean section	The investigators will assess if there is a presence of perioperative shivers or not during the caesarean section.	During the caesarean section
Presence of nausea related to the surgery or the anesthesia during the caesarean section.	The investigators will assess if there is a presence of nausea or not during the caesarean section.	During the caesarean section
Use of medication during the caesarean section.	The investigators will monitor the use of medication during the caesarean section.	During the caesarean section

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
• Collaborators: University of Lausanne

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 8, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 1, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): November 17, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 25, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 4, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): April 8, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 1, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 28, 2023
• Last Verified: July 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Caesarean section; Virtual reality; Mother-infant bonding; Birth satisfaction; HMD
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders; Stress Disorders, Traumatic; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2022-00215

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No